An Overview of Ethereum’s Major Upgrades
Pectra Upgrade (2025)
Pectra enhanced Ethereum’s execution and consensus layers with EIP-7251 and EIP-7702, improving staking flexibility and enabling account abstraction for better scalability and wallet usability.
Dencun Upgrade (2024)
Introduced EIP-4844 “blobs”, a new data type that reduces network congestion, lowers gas fees, and significantly improves scalability for Ethereum’s Layer-2 rollups.
The Merge (2022)
Ethereum’s Mainnet merged with the Beacon Chain, completing its shift to a Proof-of-Stake consensus and cutting energy use by over 99%.
Hegota Upgrade (2026)
While improvement proposals for the Hegota upgrade have not yet been chosen, early discussions point to items like Verkle trees to improve node efficiency and support decentralization by lowering hardware requirements for node operators.
Glamsterdam Upgrade (2026)
The Glamsterdam upgrade focuses on improving MEV fairness and Layer-1 efficiency, with proposals such as EIP-7732 and EIP-7928.
Fusaka Upgrade (2025)
The Fusaka upgrade improved data availability for Layer 2s through PeerDAS, enabling rollups to scale more efficiently and reduce user transaction fees, all while keeping validator requirements low.
Pectra Upgrade (2025)
Pectra enhanced Ethereum’s execution and consensus layers with EIP-7251 and EIP-7702, improving staking flexibility and enabling account abstraction for better scalability and wallet usability.
Dencun Upgrade (2024)
Introduced EIP-4844 “blobs”, a new data type that reduces network congestion, lowers gas fees, and significantly improves scalability for Ethereum’s Layer-2 rollups.
The Merge (2022)
Ethereum’s Mainnet merged with the Beacon Chain, completing its shift to a Proof-of-Stake consensus and cutting energy use by over 99%.
Hegota Upgrade (2026)
While improvement proposals for the Hegota upgrade have not yet been chosen, early discussions point to items like Verkle trees to improve node efficiency and support decentralization by lowering hardware requirements for node operators.
Glamsterdam Upgrade (2026)
The Glamsterdam upgrade focuses on improving MEV fairness and Layer-1 efficiency, with proposals such as EIP-7732 and EIP-7928.
Fusaka Upgrade (2025)
The Fusaka upgrade improved data availability for Layer 2s through PeerDAS, enabling rollups to scale more efficiently and reduce user transaction fees, all while keeping validator requirements low.
Pectra Upgrade (2025)
Pectra enhanced Ethereum’s execution and consensus layers with EIP-7251 and EIP-7702, improving staking flexibility and enabling account abstraction for better scalability and wallet usability.
Dencun Upgrade (2024)
Introduced EIP-4844 “blobs”, a new data type that reduces network congestion, lowers gas fees, and significantly improves scalability for Ethereum’s Layer-2 rollups.
The Merge (2022)
Ethereum’s Mainnet merged with the Beacon Chain, completing its shift to a Proof-of-Stake consensus and cutting energy use by over 99%.
How Will the Ethereum Glamsterdam Upgrade Affect Me?
The Glamsterdam upgrade is expected to deliver noticeable improvements for Ethereum users. The introduction of enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation (ePBS, EIP-7732) will better separate block proposing from block building, helping reduce centralization pressures and making transaction inclusion more resilient during high-demand periods. In addition, Block-Level Access Lists (EIP-7928) will let blocks pre-declare which state they need to access, which can improve execution efficiency and support broader scalability over time. In practice, this should translate into a more predictable on-chain experience, especially when activity spikes.
Will the Glamsterdam upgrade affect ETH price? Glamsterdam Upgrade's impact on ETH price remains to be seen. As always, users should do their own research and make decisions that align with their investment goals.
Disclaimer: The launch date is subject to change as more information becomes available.
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