How can the Bitcoin ecosystem be attacked? (The truth from three levels)

This is a common misconception: "Bitcoin is the safest = everything on Bitcoin is safe." In reality, the security of the Bitcoin ecosystem is layered:

A. Consensus Layer (Unbreakable)

This is the layer protected by Bitcoin's 18,000+ nodes and immense computing power. It is nearly impossible for an attacker to alter your transaction records or create Bitcoin out of thin air. So far, no hacker has truly been able to "break into" Bitcoin's L1 ledger.

B. Protocol Layer (Runes / BRC-20 / Alkanes)

This layer utilizes Bitcoin's OP_RETURN or witness data.

Attack Method: Mainly **"Indexer Attack"**. If different indexers interpret the same transaction differently (for example, A thinks you have 100 coins, B thinks you've sold), it can create a double-spending risk.

C. Application and Interaction Layer (DEX / Bridge / DeFi) — Hard-hit Area

The risks here come from human-written smart contract code (even when running in ICP containers).

Code Vulnerabilities: Just like in the early days of Ethereum, the contract logic may have backdoors or computational logic flaws.

MEV and front-running: On a slow block time chain like Bitcoin (one block every 10 minutes), attackers have ample time to observe the mempool, paying higher fees to "intercept" your transaction or manipulate opening prices. #加密市场观察 #ETH走势分析