fusaka

Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade has officially gone live, sending ETH to $3,222 and marking a significant leap forward for the network’s scalability roadmap. The update raises the block gas limit to 60 million and introduces a per-transaction gas ceiling of 16.78 million — a configuration that has stirred debate among developers but is widely praised for enabling parallel execution and preventing resource overload.

A Technical Breakthrough for Scaling and Lower Fees
The Ethereum blockchain has rolled out the Fusaka upgrade, and early reactions call it a major success in advancing the network’s long-term roadmap. The market responded almost instantly. Ether surged to $3,222 shortly after the upgrade, its highest level since November 17. The move was striking given that ETH had traded near $2,800 just a day earlier on December 2, underscoring strong market conviction in the protocol’s latest transformations.
Arriving roughly seven months after the transformative Pectra upgrade, Fusaka is being celebrated for delivering deep technical improvements that reshape Ethereum’s capacity. These enhancements move the network closer to its longstanding promises of dramatically lower and more predictable Layer-2 (L2) fees, along with a major expansion in throughput.
The core mechanism driving this shift is the combination of lifting the block gas limit to 60 million and introducing the Transaction Gas Limit Cap (TGLC) at precisely 16.78 million gas. The specific value raised eyebrows across the developer community. Some critics argued the number appeared arbitrary, chosen without the public modeling and technical justification expected for a parameter that influences worst-case block processing time.
Still, engineers and protocol researchers have pushed back on that criticism. The per-transaction ceiling, they argue, is exactly what the network needs to prevent a single transaction from monopolizing node resources.
Mo Dong, Brevis CEO and co-founder, highlighted the technical precision of the choice. He explained that the 16.78 million threshold works well because “a power-of-two–like structure simplifies implementation across multiple codebases.” More importantly, he said, “this limit enables parallelization,” allowing nodes to process transactions more efficiently by distributing work.
Charles d’Haussy, CEO of the dYdX Foundation, echoed this view. He noted that the cap preserves the ability to execute large transactions without risking delays or opening the door to denial-of-service vectors. In his assessment, developers selected this number because it is “large enough not to disturb typical activity, but small enough to preserve predictable execution times and safeguard the network.”
L2 Scaling, Security, and the PeerDAS Debate
The Fusaka upgrade also introduces Peer Data Availability Sampling (PeerDAS) and expands potential blob capacity by as much as eightfold. This has triggered intense debate about how much L2 fees will fall and which rollup architectures stand to benefit most.
Experts interviewed widely agree that PeerDAS will deliver meaningful reductions in L2 costs, but not at a perfectly linear ratio to capacity increases. Ivo Georgiev, CEO and founder of Ambire Wallet, estimates that the maximum reduction probably tops out around 80%. “It’s not as simple as expecting fees to fall 8x,” he said. “But given the added overhead of today’s rollup transactions, a 30–40% reduction is almost guaranteed.”
PeerDAS fundamentally changes how Ethereum processes blob data. Instead of requiring every node to fully replicate all data, the network distributes data availability proofs across participants. This architectural shift addresses Ethereum’s long-standing scalability bottleneck but also invites scrutiny over latency and data security.
Dong described the design as a calculated technical tradeoff that unlocks massive scalability while preserving Ethereum’s underlying integrity. The main security advantage, he said, is its resilience against data-withholding attacks.
“In hostile scenarios where a block producer withholds data, the sampling mechanism provides cryptographic assurances that missing data will be detected with overwhelming probability. Analyses show the likelihood of a successful attack dropping to effectively zero — around one in 10²⁰ — as network size increases,” Dong noted.
Georgiev added that in practical terms, PeerDAS introduces “almost no tangible downside — it’s virtually a pure win.”
Critics, however, warn that PeerDAS could introduce systemic risks tied to block validity and temporary data unavailability, issues developers must proactively assess. Even so, d’Haussy expressed confidence that these concerns will not translate into fundamental new threat vectors.
“Sampling actually makes it harder to finalize a block that contains missing data, because validators only vote once they confirm availability. The primary risk window is short-term — a temporary network delay that could cause missed attestations,” he explained.
Despite the ongoing technical debates, both supporters and skeptics agree on one point: Fusaka strengthens Ethereum’s position as the secure, decentralized settlement layer for a multi-chain ecosystem. By unlocking new levels of throughput and cost efficiency, it accelerates L2 economics and prepares the network for its next wave of innovation — scaling up without compromising the foundational principles that made Ethereum dominant in the first place.
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