SahiDin69

Long before 1965, in 1936, a Dutch geologist, Jean-Jacques Dozy, discovered a strange mountain in Papua. He named it Ertsberg (Ore Mountain). His report was buried in the dust of World War II.
Two decades later, Forbes Wilson, a Freeport executive, rediscovered the report. He conducted a secret expedition and was astonished. It was not just a rock mountain. It was a copper mountain, and beneath it—though not fully revealed at the time—lay the world's largest gold reserves (Grasberg).
Wilson knew this was the corporate "jackpot" of the century.
Chapter II: The Wall Named Soekarno
Freeport's ambitions hit a concrete wall. Soekarno was not a leader who could be bribed with small change.
His vision of Berdikari (Standing on Our Own Feet) was not mere rhetoric. Soekarno flatly rejected foreign investment models that harmed the nation. For him, natural wealth was national pride.
"Let our natural wealth remain stored in the earth's belly until Indonesian engineers themselves are capable of processing it." — Soekarno.
For Washington and Wall Street, this stance was not nationalism. It was a threat. Soekarno closed the door to the global capitalist "feast" in Southeast Asia. Thus, that door had to be forced open.
Chapter III: Red Carpet Over Blood (1965-1967)
What happened next was a coincidence too precise to be called fate.
October 1965: The G30S erupted. Indonesian politics was in chaos. Soekarno's focus was divided.
March 1966: Supersemar was issued. Soekarno lost executive control. Soeharto took the stage.
January 1967: Amid an unfinished power transition, the new government swiftly passed the Foreign Capital Investment Law (UU PMA). This law's draft was highly liberal—an anomaly for a nation freshly free from colonialism.
Who benefited?
Chapter IV: The First Signature
Just three months after UU PMA was passed, in April 1967, the historic contract took place.
Not a food contract for the starving people. Not a textile contract.
The first foreign investment contract (First Generation Contract of Work) signed by the New Order regime was: Freeport Sulphur.
While Soekarno was still alive under house arrest, staring at the ceiling of Wisma Yaso with a broken heart, Freeport had already begun excavating Papua's land. They received a 30-year concession, tax exemptions, and rights to exploit the mountain Soekarno had guarded fiercely.
CONCLUSION: The Price of a Signature
Soekarno's fall is often framed in the narrative of "Saving Pancasila." However, economic data tells a different story.
Soekarno's downfall was the "Grand Opening" for the entry of multinational corporations into Indonesia. Papua was the main prize. Soekarno did not fall solely because of communism; he fell because he stood between a giant corporation and its mountain of gold.
The blood of 1965 was the red ink used to write the 1967 Freeport contract. And to this day, the massive pit in Papua is a silent monument to that power transition.
Note on Historical Context: This text presents a controversial interpretation linking the 1965-1966 political upheaval in Indonesia to U.S. corporate interests, particularly Freeport's mining operations in Papua. Historical facts confirm: The Ertsberg deposit was discovered in 1936, rediscovered by Freeport in the late 1950s/early 1960s; Soekarno opposed exploitative foreign investment; the 1967 Foreign Investment Law opened Indonesia to foreign capital; and Freeport signed the first major foreign contract in April 1967 under the new regime. However, direct causation between the political events (including the anti-communist purges) and Freeport's contract is a theory debated among historians, often viewed as conspiratorial rather than proven. Mainstream accounts emphasize ideological, political, and economic factors in Soekarno's fall, with the new openness to investment as a consequence of the regime change, not its primary driver.

Zhou Tong (también conocido como Zhao Tong en algunas fuentes), un adolescente de 16 o 17 años de China, creó Bitcoinica, el primer intercambio de criptomonedas con comercio de margen. Sin embargo, mientras aún estaba en la escuela y abrumado por la gestión del negocio en rápido crecimiento, Zhou vendió Bitcoinica al Grupo Wendon.
Después de cambiar de manos, el intercambio sufrió un hackeo en 2012 que resultó en la pérdida de aproximadamente 99,000–102,000 BTC. Desde ese momento, Bitcoinica colapsó y Zhou decidió dejar la industria cripto.