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In 2025, the global economy was a rollercoaster – and normally Erratic tariffs, rising public debt, higher bond yields and a cost-of-living squeeze would unsettle markets but the truth is stock markets loved it.
They surged to their highest ever levels. The most dangerous time in markets is when bad news stops mattering. In the US the S&P 500 index now pays 40 times cyclically adjusted earnings – a multiple very close to the dot com bubble. Another thing that is soaring – Gold all the uncertainty has people talking of $7,000, just a reminder gold can fall in value too.
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#Economics

What Is Espresso (ESP)?
Key Takeaways
Espresso is a base layer purpose-built to provide Layer 2 (L2) blockchains the fast finality and high-throughput data availability they need to operate and interoperate in real time.When chains lack fast finality, liquidity fragments and cross-chain interactions become slow and risky. Espresso solves this by providing integrated chains with cryptographically secure finality in seconds, making its finalized state immediately readable by any other chain, bridge, or application.The ESP token is used to secure the network (via staking) and will be used for protocol fees.
Introduction
Ethereum is one of the most popular places for crypto apps, but it can be slow and expensive at times. To fix this, developers created "Layer 2" blockchains (also known as rollups). These are like fast lanes built on top of Ethereum to handle heavy traffic. They handle execution, but still need a base layer to make their transactions final and irreversible.
However, there is a new problem: these rollups don't easily talk to each other. If you have money on one Layer 2 (like Arbitrum), it is hard to use it on another (like Optimism). Also, most of these chains rely on a single computer (a centralized sequencer) to order transactions, which can be a security risk.
The underlying cause of this fragmentation is Ethereum’s slow finality. When every rollup has to wait 15 minutes for Ethereum finality before other chains can trust its state, fragmentation becomes structural. This wasn’t Ethereum's fault; it was simply never designed to serve as a base layer for hundreds of other chains.
Espresso was built to fill that gap. It is a base layer purpose-built for chains that need speed, security, and customizability, fully compatible with Ethereum and designed to give chains fast finality and high-throughput data availability. It also offers chains decentralized sequencing.
What Is Espresso?
Espresso Network is a decentralized base layer blockchain designed for a multichain world. Chains that integrate with Espresso can finally trust each other's state in real time. Instead of waiting 15 minutes for Ethereum finality, any chain, bridge, exchange, or application can read and act on another chain's confirmed transactions within seconds, without relying on a centralized intermediary to vouch for them.

Bitcoin traded above $82,000 during the previous business week, but it was violently rejected and dropped by over seven grand in the following days to a monthly low of $75,000 marked during the night.
Trump Media, Cuban Sell Off
CryptoPotato reported yesterday that one of the wallets linked to the Trump-family-operated Trump Media Group had sent over $200 million worth of the cryptocurrency to exchanges, with the likely intention to sell. They did something similar four months ago and are deep in the red on their BTC position, which was accumulated at prices near the all-time high.
More sell-off uncertainty came after billionaire investor Mark Cuban said he had disposed of most of his BTC stash after he lost confidence in its role as a hedge against weakening fiat currencies and geopolitical instability. He believes bitcoin’s behavior during the recent war in Iran questioned one of the core reasons he owned the asset.
Separately, Ali Martinez noted that other BTC investors have been sending units en masse to exchanges. Data he obtained from Santiment reads that roughly $745 million worth of bitcoin was transferred to trading platforms in just five days. Similar developments typically increase the immediate selling pressure since most investors transfer funds to exchanges only to sell.
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#Btc

Rising oil prices, global conflicts, weak trade growth, and mounting national debt are putting pressure on the world economy in 2026. Major economies including the United States, China, and Germany are facing slower growth, while inflation and high interest rates continue hurting businesses and consumers. Energy-importing nations are struggling with fuel costs as tensions around the Strait of Hormuz keep markets nervous. Investors are moving toward gold, oil, and safe assets as fears of a broader global slowdown increase.