Roy Irfan

Key Takeaways
Starknet is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses validity proofs to enable fast, low-cost transactions while inheriting Ethereum’s security.
The network processes transactions off-chain and sends cryptographic proofs to Ethereum for final verification.
Developers use Cairo, a custom programming language, to build scalable decentralized applications (DApps) on Starknet.
Introduction
Starknet is a layer 2 solution that uses Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (STARK) proofs to deliver faster, cheaper, and more scalable transactions. This allows developers to build high-performance decentralized applications (DApps) with lower costs and strong cryptographic guarantees without sacrificing on security or decentralization.
What Are STARKs? 
STARKs, short for Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge, are a type of cryptographic proof used to verify that computations were carried out correctly, without having to repeat the computation itself. 
In the context of Starknet, STARKs are used to prove that off-chain transactions were processed properly before submitting a compact proof back to Ethereum. This helps Ethereum finalize large batches of transactions more efficiently and with lower costs.
STARKs do not inherently provide privacy and are unlike traditional zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) as they focus on proving computational integrity. What makes STARKs especially powerful is that they don’t rely on a trusted setup, they scale well even as computations get more complex, and they’re built to resist future threats like potential quantum attacks.
What Is Starknet? 
Starknet is a Layer 2 scaling solution designed to make Ethereum transactions faster and cheaper. Rather than processing every transaction directly on Ethereum’s main chain, Starknet handles them off-chain. 
The network then generates a STARK proof to mathematically prove the transactions were executed correctly. This proof, along with a summary of the changes, is sent back to Ethereum, where it’s verified and finalized on-chain.
How Does Starknet Work?
1. Sequencer: managing transactions
The sequencer is responsible for receiving and organizing transactions. It batches these transactions together, checks which transactions are valid and discards the ones that fail (like insufficient funds or errors).
Only valid transactions are included in blocks, which are then passed along for further validation. As this process happens off-chain, the sequencer can achieve a higher throughput. 
2. Prover: generating the proof
The prover takes the processed block and records each step of the transaction execution (known as the Execution Trace) and the resulting changes to the system’s state (called the State Diff). The prover then transforms this data and selects random portions to generate the final STARK proof, which serves as a mathematical guarantee that all transactions were executed correctly.
3. Settlement on Ethereum
The proof and final state changes are sent to Ethereum where two smart contracts handle the verification:
The Verifier contract checks the proof for accuracy. If the data is consistent and valid, it is approved.
The Starknet Core contract then updates Starknet’s state on Ethereum based on the verified proof.
Once accepted, this updated state is added to an Ethereum block, where it becomes part of the permanent record. As the proof confirms the validity of the off-chain computations, there’s no need to re-execute the transactions on Ethereum, which helps reduce congestion and cost.
Key Features of Starknet
Cairo: Starknet’s programming language
Starknet uses a custom smart contract language called Cairo, designed specifically for writing programs that can be verified with STARK proofs. It allows developers to build scalable applications on Starknet without needing to be cryptography experts. 
The Cairo ecosystem includes developer tools like Dojo, an open-source game engine for building fully on-chain games, and Starknet React, a library that simplifies building web interfaces for Starknet DApps.
Native account abstraction 
Starknet supports native account abstraction, which allows developers to offer Web2-like user experiences in Web3 applications. This includes features like passkeys, where users can log in without seed phrases and session keys, which lets users approve multiple transactions at once. The paymasters feature enables gasless transactions, where users can pay with ERC-20 tokens or have someone else cover the gas.
Cartridge Controller is an example of a Starknet smart contract wallet that brings these features to games. It supports one-click onboarding, player identities, achievements, and works with game engines and frontend tools.
Validity vs. Optimistic Rollups
Unlike optimistic rollups, which assume transactions are valid unless challenged, Starknet uses validity proofs to confirm correctness. This provides fast finality (since there’s no need to wait for a challenge period) and strong cryptographic guarantees.
However, optimistic rollups can be simpler to implement and may have broader compatibility with existing Ethereum tooling. Both approaches have their trade-offs, and the choice of rollup will depend on specific goals, such as latency, compatibility, and trust assumptions.
Challenges 
Starknet does not offer native compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which sets it apart from Layer 2s like zkSync Era and Scroll that let developers easily reuse existing Solidity code and Ethereum tooling. 
Instead, Starknet requires developers to build using Cairo, the custom language designed for scalability through STARK proofs. While Cairo offers technical advantages, it introduces a new learning curve, which can slow down onboarding and make it harder to migrate existing apps.
STRK Token
The STRK token is the native utility token of the Starknet protocol. The token is used for a variety of purposes, including governance, transaction fees, and staking.
Governance: STRK holders can participate in protocol governance by voting on proposals, such as system upgrades or changes to the Starknet Operating System. Some proposals may require a minimum amount of STRK to support or initiate.
Transaction fees: STRK can be used to pay transaction fees on Starknet. When STRK is used, a portion is converted to ETH by the sequencer to cover Ethereum gas costs.
Staking: STRK can be staked in two ways:
As a validator: Stake a minimum amount of STRK and perform network responsibilities to earn rewards.
As a delegator: Delegate tokens to a validator and earn a share of the rewards without needing to run a validating node.
Closing Thoughts
Starknet offers a different approach to scaling Ethereum through the use of validity proofs, specifically STARKs. The rollup aims to increase throughput and reduce costs while maintaining Ethereum’s security guarantees. With features like the Cairo programming language and native account abstraction, Starknet is creating new opportunities for developers, particularly in areas like on-chain gaming and infrastructure.
Further Reading
What Are Modular Blockchains?
What Is GameFi and How Does It Work?
What Is Play-to-Earn and How to Cash Out?
Disclaimer: This content is presented to you on an “as is” basis for general information and educational purposes only, without representation or warranty of any kind. It should not be construed as financial, legal or other professional advice, nor is it intended to recommend the purchase of any specific product or service. You should seek your own advice from appropriate professional advisors. Products mentioned in this article may not be available in your region. Where the article is contributed by a third party contributor, please note that those views expressed belong to the third party contributor, and do not necessarily reflect those of Binance Academy. Please read our full disclaimer for further details. Digital asset prices can be volatile. The value of your investment may go down or up and you may not get back the amount invested. You are solely responsible for your investment decisions and Binance Academy is not liable for any losses you may incur. This material should not be construed as financial, legal or other professional advice. For more information, see our Terms of Use and Risk Warning.#PowellWatch #ETHStakingExitWatch $SOL

Key Takeaways
Arbitrum is a suite of Ethereum scaling technologies designed to make transactions faster and cheaper while preserving Ethereum’s security.
The suite includes Arbitrum One (a rollup chain), Arbitrum Nova (an AnyTrust chain), and customizable Orbit chains that can operate as Layer 2 or Layer 3 networks.
Both Rollup and AnyTrust chains use optimistic rollup technology for execution and dispute resolution, but differ in data availability.
Orbit chains let developers launch their own Rollup or AnyTrust chains with customizable features, such as governance, gas token, privacy, and settlement layers.
Introduction
Arbitrum is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses optimistic rollups to deliver faster, cheaper, and more scalable transactions. This allows developers to build and launch decentralized applications (DApps) just like they would on Ethereum, but with lower fees and quicker confirmations for users.
What Is Arbitrum? 
Arbitrum is a suite of Ethereum scaling technologies built on the Arbitrum Nitro tech stack. The network uses optimistic rollups to execute transactions off-chain, bundle them together, and post a summary to Ethereum. These results are treated as valid unless challenged, in which case Ethereum verifies the disputed transactions.
The Arbitrum suite includes:
Arbitrum One: A public rollup chain implementing the Arbitrum Rollup protocol, where all transaction data is posted to Ethereum for maximum trustlessness.
Arbitrum Nova: A public AnyTrust chain implementing the Arbitrum AnyTrust protocol, which stores transaction data off-chain with a Data Availability Committee (DAC) to reduce fees.
Arbitrum Orbit Chains: Fully customizable chains that can operate as Layer 2 networks (settling to Ethereum) or Layer 3 networks (settling to another L2), tailored to specific performance, governance, and cost requirements.
How Arbitrum Works
Sequencer
When you submit a transaction on Arbitrum, it first goes to the sequencer, which sets the order of transactions and provides instant confirmation, so results appear right away. This ordering information is broadcast in real time through the sequencer feed, allowing wallets and applications to update immediately.
Once transactions are ordered, the sequencer bundles them into batches, compresses the data to reduce size and cost, and posts the batch to Ethereum (or another parent chain). This approach keeps costs low and speeds up processing because Ethereum doesn’t have to verify every transaction immediately and assumes they are correct unless proven otherwise.
Dispute resolution 
If someone notices suspicious activity, they can raise a challenge during a set dispute window. In such cases, Ethereum replays only the disputed part of the batch using Arbitrum’s Bounded Liquidity Delay (BoLD) protocol, a multi-round fraud-proof system that verifies whether the transaction outcome is correct. 
If an error or fraud is found, the incorrect transaction is re-run, the state is fixed, and anyone who approved the fraudulent transaction loses their stake as a penalty. Transactions are considered to have soft finality when confirmed by the sequencer and hard finality once the batch is posted to Ethereum and the dispute period has ended.
Technology stack 
Arbitrum runs on Arbitrum Nitro, a technology stack built on a modified version of Ethereum’s software (Geth). Nitro incorporates WebAssembly (WASM) into its virtual machine to verify transactions when disputes occur. This architecture is similar to Ethereum and is designed to handle more transactions at lower costs. 
Currently in public testnet, the Stylus upgrade introduces a second virtual machine that works alongside the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), creating a dual-environment setup. The EVM continues to support Solidity smart contracts (as on Ethereum), while Stylus runs WASM-based contracts written in popular, high-performance languages, such as Rust, C, and C++. Contracts written in Stylus and Solidity can easily interact, giving developers the flexibility to speed up specific parts of an application or build entirely new applications using Stylus.
The Arbitrum Ecosystem
All Arbitrum chains use the same underlying technology and rely on optimistic rollups to resolve disputes. What sets them apart is how they store transaction data and how each network is designed to balance decentralization, cost, and performance.
Arbitrum One 
Arbitrum One is a public optimistic rollup chain. It processes transactions off-chain and posts all the transaction data to Ethereum, so anyone can independently verify the chain’s state without trusting any third party. This approach prioritizes decentralization and transparency, which makes Arbitrium One suited for high-value, trust-sensitive applications like decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms and non-fungible token (NFT) marketplaces.
Arbitrum Nova
Arbitrum Nova runs on the AnyTrust Protocol, which also uses optimistic rollup technology but handles data availability differently. Instead of posting all transaction data to Ethereum, Nova stores it off-chain with a Data Availability Committee (DAC). The DAC is a group of permissioned entities responsible for providing the data when needed.
This setup greatly reduces transaction costs but introduces a trust assumption that at least a small number of DAC members are honest. If the DAC fails to provide data or a dispute occurs, Nova switches to rollup mode and posts the data to Ethereum to resolve the issue. This trade-off makes Nova suited for high-volume, low-cost applications, such as gaming platforms and social apps that process a large number of small transactions.
Orbit chains 
Orbit chains give developers the ability to create their own Rollup or AnyTrust chains, either as Layer 2 networks that settle directly to Ethereum or as Layer 3 networks that settle to another Layer 2, such as Arbitrum One or Nova.
These chains are fully customizable while still benefiting from the security and compatibility of the Arbitrum ecosystem. Developers can configure aspects such as governance models, the choice of gas token, privacy settings, throughput capacity, and data availability options. This flexibility makes Orbit chains suitable for specialized uses, such as enterprise systems and private networks. 
Arbitrum bridge 
The Arbitrum Bridge allows you to move assets between the Ethereum and Arbitrum networks. Depositing ETH or tokens from Ethereum to an Arbitrum chain is usually quick, often taking just a few minutes. However, withdrawing from a rollup chain back to Ethereum takes about seven days because of the fraud-proof dispute period. 
If you don’t want to wait, you can use a fast-bridge service that settles almost instantly for a small fee. AnyTrust chains follow the same process but can usually offer quicker withdrawals because of how their data is stored.
Limitations
While Arbitrum offers improvements in speed and cost, there are still some trade-offs to keep in mind.
Withdrawal delay
Moving funds from a rollup chain back to Ethereum usually takes about a week because of the fraud-proof period. Fast bridges can reduce the wait to minutes, but it often comes with extra fees and means trusting another service to deliver your money.
Centralization concerns
Not every part of Arbitrum’s infrastructure is fully decentralized yet. AnyTrust chains rely on a small group of permissioned entities responsible for storing transaction data off-chain. If most of these members were compromised or acted maliciously, data could be withheld, affecting the chain’s ability to resolve disputes. 
On Arbitrum One, the sequencer is still run by Offchain Labs, and validators (who help confirm the chain’s state) are on an allowlist instead of being open to anyone. The Arbitrum Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) plans to gradually open up these roles, but for now, some trust in specific operators is still required.
ARB Token
The ARB token is the native utility token of the Arbitrum protocol. The token is used for a variety of purposes, including:
Voting: Holding ARB lets you participate in the Arbitrum DAO, where token holders vote on proposals that shape the network’s future. This can include approving protocol upgrades, adjusting technical parameters, or deciding how treasury funds are used.
Delegating: If you don’t want to vote directly, you can delegate your ARB tokens to a trusted community member or organization. They’ll vote on your behalf, letting you stay involved without following every proposal.
Funding: The DAO treasury, funded in part through ARB, can allocate grants to developers, research teams, and projects building on Arbitrum. This supports ecosystem growth by funding tools, infrastructure, and new applications.
Security: ARB holders elect the Security Council, a small group with limited emergency powers to act in urgent situations, such as addressing critical vulnerabilities or responding to attacks.
Closing Thoughts
Arbitrum helps Ethereum using optimistic rollups, processing transactions off-chain and settling them on Ethereum for security. With options like Arbitrum One, Arbitrum Nova, and fully customizable Orbit chains, the network can support a wide range of applications, from DeFi applications to gaming platforms and social networks.
Further Reading
What Are Appchains (Application-Specific Blockchains)?
What Are Bitcoin Layer 2 Networks?
What Is Chain Abstraction?
Disclaimer: This content is presented to you on an “as is” basis for general information and educational purposes only, without representation or warranty of any kind. It should not be construed as financial, legal or other professional advice, nor is it intended to recommend the purchase of any specific product or service. You should seek your own advice from appropriate professional advisors. Products mentioned in this article may not be available in your region. Where the article is contributed by a third party contributor, please note that those views expressed belong to the third party contributor, and do not necessarily reflect those of Binance Academy. Please read our full disclaimer for further details. Digital asset prices can be volatile. The value of your investment may go down or up and you may not get back the amount invested. You are solely responsible for your investment decisions and Binance Academy is not liable for any losses you may incur. This material should not be construed as financial, legal or other professional advice. For more information, see our Terms of Use and Risk Warning.#PowellWatch #MarketPullback $ETH

#BinanceLaunchpoolINIT
According to Cointelegraph, Ethena Labs, the creator of the USDe synthetic dollar, and financial technology firm Securitize have announced a preliminary roadmap for their forthcoming Converge network. This high-throughput blockchain aims to integrate real-world assets with decentralized finance (DeFi). The announcement outlines plans for a testnet launch in the coming weeks, followed by a mainnet release later in 2025. Converge is set to feature a native block time of 100 milliseconds, with ambitions to reduce this to 50 milliseconds by the fourth quarter of 2025. Additionally, the developers aim to achieve a throughput of at least one gigagas, a measure of billions of gas units processed per second, during the year.
The Converge network is being developed to support both permissioned real-world tokenized applications and permissionless DeFi applications, reflecting the ongoing convergence of traditional and decentralized finance. This blending of TradFi and DeFi has sparked varied reactions within the crypto community. Some view the integration as an inevitable evolution, while others express concerns over potential institutional dominance. In a recent interview, Franklin Templeton CEO Jenny Johnson emphasized the need for regulatory clarity to facilitate the integration of crypto and traditional finance. She noted that clear regulations could drive down costs and foster innovation.
Shibtoshi, founder of the SilentSwap privacy-preserving trading platform, shared insights with Cointelegraph regarding institutional adoption of DeFi. He highlighted that while some institutions are hesitant due to privacy concerns, legal liabilities, and regulatory uncertainties, solutions to these issues are already available. Shibtoshi pointed out that institutions have recognized the advantages of decentralized systems, with reports from as early as 2021 indicating that nearly one-third of institutional crypto investors were utilizing DeFi. This trend underscores the growing interest and potential for further integration between traditional financial systems and decentralized technologies.

#BinanceLaunchpoolINIT #BinanceAlphaAlert #PowellRemarks #CanadaSOLETFLaunch
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