The European Central Bank (ECB) has entered into agreements with three European standards organizations to develop the digital euro using open, non-proprietary payment infrastructure. According to NS3.AI, this framework incorporates CPACE for contactless payments, nexo standards for merchant and ATM connectivity, and Berlin Group rules for account-based transfers. The ECB believes this approach could lessen dependence on Visa and Mastercard. However, the widespread adoption of the digital euro across the euro area will still hinge on the implementation of relevant regulations.