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Here’s how COTI’s dual privacy engine works and what it matters:

With the announcement of COTI Nightfall, COTI became the first protocol to offer a dual-mainnet privacy stack: high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC) and enterprise-grade ZK Roll-Up technology. All unified by a single token and ecosystem.

This isn’t about choosing sides. It’s about giving every builder, enterprise, and institution the right privacy primitive for the right use case to meet their needs, as well as to meet the global demand for privacy, scalability and compliance.

This post breaks down what each technology does, where each excels, and how they complement each other to power the next generation of private enterprise and applications in the COTI.

Why Two Privacy Protocols?

Privacy should be purpose-built, programmable, and not a one size fits all approach. Different applications, use cases and organizations have different requirements and needs when it comes to privacy, compliance, and scalability.

For example, a regulated fund tokenizing billions in real-world assets on Ethereum, needs compliance workflows, KYC-gating, and auditability. However, a high-frequency DEX protecting traders from front-running needs highly-scalable private trading with raw speed, low latency and low costs.

At COTI, we’re becoming the All-in-One privacy protocol, designed to offer the optimal privacy path and blockchain destination for enterprises and builders,

Garbled Circuits (GC): Fast, Light, Scalable

Garbled Circuits are a cryptographic protocol for secure multi-party computation (MPC). The concept has existed since the 1980s, but COTI is the first to bring a full GC implementation to a live blockchain.

GC enables smart contracts to operate on encrypted inputs without exposing the underlying data. Multiple parties can execute logic together, each keeping their inputs private, while the contract enforces correctness. The result is never revealed to anyone who shouldn’t see it.

Performance profile:

Up to 3,000x faster computation than FHE alternatives

250x lighter in computational demand

Fully EVM-compatible via COTI’s gcEVM

Native 128-bit and 256-bit arithmetic (enabled by the Helium upgrade)

Runs on any device, including mobile, with no specialized hardware required

What runs on COTI GC today:

Private DeFi: Confidential trading, private arbitrage execution (live on Bancor’s Arb Fast Lane), and sealed-bid auctions.

Healthcare Supply Chains: Over 10-million+ private on-chain transactions powering VaccineLedger’s cold chain monitoring in Bangladesh

Private Hardware Wallets: United Network’s card-based wallet with COTI’s privacy layer for confidential transactions

Private Tokens and Encrypted Messaging: Accessible through the COTI MetaMask Snap and community-built tools like CipherTrade

AI and Identity: Programmable privacy for the next generation of decentralized applications

GC is optimized for speed and versatility. No matter the complexity of the use case, COTI private multi-party computation can support it. Built for builders and applications that need fast, low-cost confidential computation at scale.

COTI Nightfall ZK: Enterprise-Grade Flows

Nightfall is an open-source zero-knowledge privacy protocol originally built by Ernst & Young (EY) in 2019 and released to the public domain. It has evolved through significant upgrades, including a 2025 transition to a full ZK Roll-up architecture (Nightfall_4) that delivers near-instant finality and improved performance. EY continues to actively support the protocol’s evolution.

COTI Nightfall brings this proven ZK infrastructure into the COTI ecosystem as a dedicated Ethereum-based ZK Roll-up, purpose-built for regulated environments and institutional workflows.

Key capabilities:

Private transfers across multiple token standards: ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, and ERC-3525

Efficient ZK Roll-ups with near-instant finality

Decentralized permissioning and KYC-gating for regulated environments

Digital identity protocols

Confidential smart contracts with end-to-end encryption

Selective disclosure and multichain composability

Nightfall is built for the use cases where compliance is the starting point, not an afterthought. Tokenized real-world assets, regulated payments, institutional DeFi, and enterprise asset classes that require built-in KYC/AML workflows and auditability at every layer.

Side by Side: COTI GC + Nightfall ZK

Understanding where each technology fits is straightforward.

How They Work Together

The dual-privacy stack isn’t two separate products competing for attention. It’s a unified architecture where each technology handles the use cases it’s best suited for. Properly equipping COTI to onboard the millions of enterprises, organizations and builders across the Globe who want to access the benefits of blockchain and global liquidity, but need privacy to do it.

The speed, low cost, and multi-party computation capabilities make GC the natural fit for high-performance privacy demands and the programmability needed for builders. For regulated enterprises and institutions with strict compliance needs, built-in KYC/AML gating, identity protocols, and selective disclosure for regulators, COTI Nightfall ZK will be the right choice.

The point is simple: enterprises, builders, and institutions no longer need to compromise. The right privacy primitive is always available.

The All-in-One Privacy Protocol

With Nightfall joining the ecosystem, COTI is evolving from a single-chain privacy solution into a multi-chain privacy protocol with three distinct paths:

COTI GC on our native network for fast, scalable confidential computation

COTI Nightfall ZK for enterprise-grade compliance and institutional workflows

Privacy-on-Demand bringing Garbled Circuits to leading L1 and L2 chains, starting with Ethereum

Privacy-on-Demand alone opens the door for thousands of apps and dApps on other chains to leverage COTI’s GC for private computation and transactions, all powered by the COTI token. Every enterprise, every builder, every use case now has a privacy path on COTI that fits.

One Token. Unified Utility.

The COTI token will be native to COTI Nightfall ZK mainnet, just as it is for our COTI GC network. This expands the horizon of demand and utility for the token, with protocol fees, staking, gas, and governance now flowing across two networks instead of one.

Whether a builder chooses COTI GC or COTI Nightfall ZK, value flows back to the same ecosystem and the same token. More networks. More utility. More demand.

What’s Next

COTI Nightfall is scheduled to launch on testnet in the near future, with mainnet deployment planned for later in 2026. Meanwhile, the GC-powered mainnet continues to grow, having just hit over 110-million+ on-chain transactions and wallets continuing to grow month-over-month.

With Garbled Circuits and ZK now under one roof, COTI is positioned as the all-in-one privacy protocol and a privacy leader of Web3.

Purpose-fit privacy for every enterprise, institution, and builder. This is just the beginning.

Stay COTI. 🚀

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

TL;DR COTI has announced COTI Nightfall — a major upgrade to our enterprise privacy ecosystem. In this FAQ, we answer the community’s top questions about Nightfall, COTI’s expanding privacy stack, and what it means for the COTI token. What is Nightfall?

Nightfall is an open-source zero-knowledge privacy layer originally built by Ernst & Young (EY) in 2019 and released to the public domain. Since then, it has undergone significant upgrades — including a 2025 transition to a full Zero-Knowledge (ZK) roll-up architecture that delivers near-instant finality and improved performance. EY continues to actively support the evolution of the protocol.

Who is EY (Ernst & Young)?

EY is one of the Big Four professional services firms (alongside Deloitte, PwC, and KPMG). Operating as a global network under Ernst & Young Global Limited, EY serves enterprise clients across nearly every major industry — with services spanning assurance, consulting, tax, strategy, and transactions in more than 150 countries. EY’s notable client list includes Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet & many more.

What is COTI Nightfall?

COTI Nightfall is an Ethereum-based Zero-Knowledge (ZK) roll-up and privacy layer that we’re integrating into the COTI privacy ecosystem. It enables confidential transactions on Ethereum and Ethereum-compatible networks while preserving the transparency, immutability, and security that enterprises require.

What can COTI Nightfall do?

Key capabilities include:

Private transfers across multiple token standards (ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, ERC-3525)

Efficient ZK roll-ups with near-instant finality

Decentralized permissioning and KYC-gating for regulated environments

Confidential smart contracts with end-to-end encryption

Selective disclosure and multichain composability

What is the purpose of COTI Nightfall?

COTI Nightfall gives us an additional ZK-based privacy stack and a new path to onboard enterprises into the COTI ecosystem — complete with built-in compliance and institutional workflows. In short: we’re doubling down on enterprise adoption by offering another proven technology path alongside Garbled Circuits.

When does COTI Nightfall launch?

COTI Nightfall is scheduled to launch on testnet in the near future, with mainnet deployment planned for later in 2026.

Why is COTI launching a ZK solution alongside Garbled Circuits?

COTI is evolving into the All-in-One Privacy Protocol. To meet that goal, we’re introducing an enterprise-grade ZK solution alongside our high-performance Garbled Circuits — so that any enterprise or builder, regardless of their preferred privacy approach, can build on COTI.

What does ‘All-in-One Privacy Protocol’ mean?

COTI is evolving from a single-chain privacy solution into a multi-chain privacy protocol. This includes COTI GC on our native network for fast, scalable confidential computation; Privacy-on-Demand to bring GC to other leading blockchains; and the newly introduced COTI Nightfall ZK for enterprise-grade compliance workflows. Together, these offer every enterprise, builder, and user a fully customizable privacy solution.

What is Privacy-on-Demand?

This year, COTI is bringing Garbled Circuits to leading L1 and L2 chains via Privacy-on-Demand. This opens the door for thousands of apps and dApps on other chains to leverage COTI’s GC for private computation and transactions — all powered by the COTI token.

Will COTI still be focused on Garbled Circuits and Privacy-on-Demand?

Absolutely. COTI remains focused on scaling projects and builders on our GC-powered mainnet. We’re also bringing GC-powered privacy to several leading blockchains this year, starting with Ethereum.

How does the multi-chain expansion affect the COTI token?

COTI is expanding to power privacy across multiple chains. When users bridge COTI tokens to a new chain, the tokens transfer 1:1. More chains means more utility, more demand and more fee revenue — without any dilution.

Does Nightfall introduce a new token?

No. COTI Nightfall will be powered by the native COTI token.

Are new COTI tokens being created?

No. The maximum supply cap remains fixed. No new tokens are being minted.

How will the COTI token work across multiple chains?

Both COTI GC-mainnet and COTI Nightfall are powered by a single COTI token. Fees, staking, governance, and privacy services on Nightfall will all use the COTI token — the same as on our native network.

How will COTI Nightfall expand token utility?

By driving more enterprise adoption and expanding use cases — which in turn drives more fees, privacy services, staking, burns, and governance activity, all without supply dilution.

Whether a builder chooses COTI GC or COTI Nightfall ZK, value flows back to the same ecosystem and the same token.

Read our Tokenomics Upgrade for more details.

As a token holder, do I need to do anything?

No action is required. COTI remains the same token.

What’s next for COTI?

COTI will continue expanding our ecosystem — including onboarding and partnering with leading global enterprises to bring privacy to the forefront of blockchain.

Stay COTI. 🚀

About COTI:

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io