COTI（new）

For over 40 years, one problem has defined the entire field of secure multi-party computation.

In 1982, computer scientist Andrew Yao posed a deceptively simple question: how can two parties figure out who is wealthier, without either one revealing how much they actually have? The answer must be provably correct. But neither side learns anything beyond the result.

This became known as Yao’s Millionaires’ Problem, and it laid the theoretical foundation for the entire field of secure multi-party computation (MPC). For decades, it stood as the benchmark: if your system can solve this problem with full privacy guarantees, it can handle real-world confidential computation.

In February 2025, COTI demonstrated a live solution to the Millionaires’ Problem on the COTI Network using Garbled Circuits. Encrypted inputs, private computation, verified results. Neither party revealed a single data point.

Now, COTI has taken that same capability and deployed it on Ethereum Sepolia testnet. The Millionaires’ Problem, solved with 100% end-to-end cryptography, directly on Ethereum’s infrastructure. No trusted intermediary. No data exposure. Just math.

How the Demo Works

The demonstration follows the classic MPC setup:

Two parties each hold a private value representing their wealth.

Neither party reveals their actual input to the other or to the network.

The computation runs on encrypted data, producing a verifiable result: who is wealthier.

The answer is provably correct, without any plaintext values ever being exposed on-chain.

The entire process is powered by COTI’s Garbled Circuits implementation, a cryptographic protocol purpose-built for secure multi-party computation on-chain. Inputs are encrypted, computed collaboratively, and resolved, all without a centralized party or trusted setup.

Think of it this way: two people walk into a room, whisper their numbers into separate locked boxes, and walk out knowing who had the bigger number. Neither one ever opened the other’s box. That’s what Garbled Circuits make possible, except the room is Ethereum, and the boxes are pure cryptography.

Why This Matters

The Millionaires’ Problem isn’t just an academic exercise. It is the original MPC challenge. The foundational test case that proves whether a system can perform meaningful computation on private data without exposing it.

COTI first proved this on its own network. Now, solving it on Ethereum’s testnet using pure cryptography and no trusted intermediaries demonstrates that Garbled Circuits can deliver practical, verifiable privacy directly on the world’s largest smart contract platform.

The timing matters too. Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has been increasingly vocal about the need for privacy-preserving computation in decentralized systems. In a detailed thread on decentralized governance and AI, Buterin specifically called out Garbled Circuits as the path to pure-cryptographic security guarantees for multi-party computation.

“I would love to see at least the two-party case solved with garbled circuits so we can get pure-cryptographic security guarantees.” — Vitalik Buterin

This wasn’t the first signal either. At ETH Tokyo in 2025, Buterin stated publicly that Garbled Circuits are faster than more complicated forms of MPC and that many use cases exist where the technology is valuable.

COTI’s Garbled Circuits has solved this and the only project to answer Vitalik’s public challenge.

From COTI Network to Ethereum

COTI’s implementation of Garbled Circuits, built in partnership with Soda Labs, has been live on COTI’s mainnet since March 2025. The gcEVM is the first production-ready Garbled Circuits implementation for on-chain confidentiality, offering full EVM compatibility. Developers can write confidential smart contracts in Solidity using familiar tools like Hardhat, simply adding privacy parameters to unlock multi-party computation capabilities.

This Sepolia testnet deployment is a preview of Privacy-on-Demand, COTI’s initiative to bring Garbled Circuits natively to Ethereum and other major chains. The goal: highly-scalable programmable privacy, available to any app, dApp, or builder, all powered by $COTI.

What Privacy-on-Demand Means for Ethereum

Privacy-on-Demand extends COTI’s privacy infrastructure beyond its own Layer 2, making it accessible as a service layer across leading blockchains. For Ethereum, this unlocks real private use cases that aren’t possible on a fully transparent chain:

Builders can integrate confidential computation directly into Ethereum-native dApps without migrating to a separate chain.

DeFi protocols can protect sensitive execution parameters, such as thresholds, order sizes, or strategy logic, from front-running and observation-based extraction.

Enterprise and institutional applications can handle private data on-chain while maintaining compliance and auditability.

Governance systems can enable private voting and decision-making without exposing individual inputs, the exact use case Buterin described.

What Comes Next

This testnet deployment is not the finish line. It’s a milestone on COTI’s path to making Garbled Circuits available natively on Ethereum and other major blockchains, extending the same privacy capabilities that are already live and in production on COTI’s own network.

The Millionaires’ Problem has stood as the benchmark for MPC systems for over 40 years. Solving it first on COTI, and now on Ethereum’s testnet with full end-to-end encryption and no trusted intermediaries, is a clear signal: practical, scalable privacy on public blockchains isn’t theoretical anymore.

Privacy-on-Demand is coming to Ethereum.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

COTI Earn: https://earn.coti.io/earn

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/coti-foundation

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

Vibe Coders Telegram: https://t.me/+uuPNfRkKiQ03ZTcx

COTI is Expanding. Time to Sunset V1.

COTI’s privacy ecosystem is scaling fast. As we move toward growing our all-in-one privacy protocol and ecosystem, the time has come to officially phase out our legacy infrastructure.

This is the scheduled next and final phase of COTI’s network transition as we prepare to sunset all legacy COTI V1 and gCOTI V1 infrastructure. This marks the full-migration from the original Trustchain-based Layer 1 to the new COTI EVM Layer 2 network, designed to support advanced privacy features, improved scalability, and expanded ecosystem functionality.

This guide outlines the purpose of the sunset, and exactly how this affects you based on where you hold your tokens and what actions you must take.

COTI Privacy Ecosystem is Expanding

COTI is actively scaling our all-in-one privacy ecosystem. Including the recent announcement of the launch of Private ERC20 tokens on the COTI V2 network, and the upcoming launch of the Privacy Portal, giving anyone the ability to convert public tokens to private tokens in a single click.

In addition, COTI Garbled Circuits is expanding beyond COTI Network to Ethereum-natively, as well as other leading L1s and L2s.

At the center of it all is the COTI token, which powers core utility across the entire privacy ecosystem, including private transactions, gas fees, staking, governance, and access to every privacy-enabled feature on the network.

Why Now & When

To simplify and consolidate the ecosystem for this expansion, it’s officially time to sunset COTI V1. The legacy Trustchain-based infrastructure served its purpose, and the majority of users and tokens have already successfully migrated.

Now, the COTI V2 network is live, scalable, and purpose-built for the next generation of privacy-first applications. This migration closes the chapter on V1 and moves the entire community forward on a single, unified network.

⚠️ WHEN: COTI V1 and gCOTI V1 are estimated to sunset by the end of Q3 2026.

An official sunset date will be announced 30-days before the sunset. This window is your opportunity to ensure your assets are migrated safely to the V2 network.

Status Check: Do I Need to Act?

Not everyone needs to do something. Here’s a quick check based on where you hold your tokens:

I hold COTI on a Centralized Exchange (e.g., Binance, Coinbase, etc) ✅ No Action Required. You will be unaffected by this change.

I hold COTI ERC-20 tokens in a non-custodial wallet (e.g., MetaMask, Ledger app) ✅ No Action Required. The ERC-20 contract remains unaffected.

I hold Native COTI V1 in the Treasury ✅Your V1 Native COTI tokens deposited in the Treasury have been automatically upgraded to V2 COTI. It’s accessible via the Treasury App at treasury.coti.io. All you need to do is provide a MetaMask wallet address to receive your V2 tokens.

🎥 Watch the video walkthrough here.

I hold Native COTI or gCOTI in a VIPER Wallet or Ledger Wallet ⚠️ Action Required: Follow the migration instructions below to upgrade your tokens to V2.

VIPER Wallet Migration Guide: Step-by-Step

The token upgrade for VIPER holders is done via the COTI Pay / VIPER swap function inside the wallet. You’ll need a MetaMask wallet address to receive your upgraded COTI V2 and/or gCOTI V2 tokens. 📌 Ledger users: If your tokens are on a Ledger wallet, you’ll need to connect your Ledger to VIPER first. See the Ledger section below before starting. 🎥

Watch the full video walkthrough here, or follow the step-by-step instructions below.

Step-by-Step: VIPER Swap

Log in to pay.coti.io

Navigate to Send / Receive / Swap

Click the “Swap to COTI V2” button in the bottom right corner

A prompt will ask you to add COTI Mainnet to your MetaMask wallet. Click “Approve” and then “Confirm” to add it.

If you hold gCOTI, you’ll also need to add the gCOTI token address to MetaMask (instructions below).

⚠️ You will need to provide a MetaMask wallet address to upgrade your tokens. This address will be your receiving address for your upgraded COTI V2 and/or gCOTI V2 tokens.

How to Add gCOTI to MetaMask (ERC20/Mainnet)

To receive your upgraded gCOTI V2 tokens, you’ll need to manually add the gCOTI token address to MetaMask:

Open MetaMask

Under the Tokens tab, click “Import tokens” (usually at the bottom)

Select the “Custom token” tab

Enter the official gCOTI contract address:

0xAf2CA40d3fc4459436D11B94d21FA4b8A89fB51d

5. MetaMask will auto-populate the token symbol (gCOTI) and decimals. Click “Add Custom Token” and then “Import Tokens.”

Once your MetaMask is set up, navigate back to pay.coti.io and you are ready to transfer your COTI and gCOTI across to your MetaMask wallet. VIPER has its own built-in swap path triggered from inside the wallet so sending tokens across will automatically upgrade them to V2. 📌 Tip: If you hold gCOTI, send it first. The transfer requires a small amount of COTI for gas. After transferring your gCOTI, then transfer your remaining COTI.

Ledger Wallet Migration Guide: Step-by-Step

If your Native COTI or gCOTI V1 tokens are stored on a Ledger device, you’ll first need to connect your Ledger to the VIPER wallet, then follow the same swap process above.

Step-by-Step: Ledger Connection

Go to pay.coti.io and log into your COTI account.

On your Ledger device, navigate to the COTI app and press both buttons simultaneously to open it. Your Ledger should display: “Coti Application is ready.”

Click the green Connect button on screen. Select your Ledger device and press the blue Connect button to initiate the connection.

Once connected, follow the same VIPER Wallet migration steps above to complete your upgrade.

Frequently Asked Questions

When exactly will V1 stop working? We are targeting Q3 2026, but an official date will be announced no later than 30-days before complete sunset of V1. We strongly encourage all users to complete their migration within the next 6 months to avoid any service interruptions.

Does Ledger still support COTI V1? Yes, but only for the purpose of migrating. You can access your V1 tokens on Ledger to bridge them to V2. After the sunset, V1 support on hardware devices will be deprecated.

Do I need to unstake my Treasury assets manually? No. The swap logic for Treasury assets is handled automatically. However, you must provide the MetaMask address (as detailed above) to ensure the new system knows where to send your V2 tokens.

Does this apply to gCOTI? Yes. All instructions above apply equally to gCOTI V1 tokens. The same migration path, the same timeline, the same steps.

Migrate Now. Join the Future of Privacy.

The COTI V2 network is live. The privacy ecosystem is expanding. And every COTI holder has a role to play in what comes next.

If you need to migrate, now is the time. If you’re already on V2, explore the ecosystem and start using private tokens today.

Stay COTI.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

Vibe Coders Telegram: https://t.me/+uuPNfRkKiQ03ZTcx

The COTI MetaMask Snap just got a major upgrade. A new release that brings the latest in privacy and security to your wallet, including 256-bit confidential token support.

The latest Version 1.0.52 introduces 256-bit confidential token support, private NFT management, multi-network switching, and a comprehensive set of security and UX improvements, all independently audited by Sayfer Security.

This upgrade officially makes the COTI MetaMask Snap industry-leading when it comes to managing, transferring, and utilizing private assets.

If you’re already using the COTI Snap, the update is live now. If you haven’t tried it yet, there’s never been a better time to start.

What’s New in v1.0.52

256-Bit Confidential ERC-20 Support

The Snap now fully supports ctUint256 confidential tokens, the 256-bit encrypted token standard on COTI. This means the Snap can detect, sync, decrypt balances, and execute private transfers for tokens using COTI’s full-precision confidential arithmetic.

This is a direct extension of the capabilities unlocked by the Helium Mainnet Upgrade, which introduced native 256-bit arithmetic to COTI. Now, that same capability is accessible directly in your MetaMask wallet.

Multi-Network Support

The Snap now supports both COTI Testnet and Mainnet, with AES keys scoped per network and separate storage for each environment. Switching between networks is seamless, and onboarding flows have been unified across both.

For developers, this means easier testing and iteration. For users, it means a smoother experience regardless of which COTI network you’re connected to.

Private NFT Support

This release includes bug fixes and improvements to the COTI Snap supports private ERC-721 NFTs. Users can now sync, import, and view private NFT metadata and images directly in MetaMask, including support for IPFS and CID-based URIs.

This opens the door for privacy-preserving digital collectibles, identity credentials, access tokens, and more, all managed from within MetaMask.

Smarter Gas Handling and UX Improvements

Private transfers involve longer precompile chains than standard transactions, which can cause gas estimation issues. This release introduces upfront gas estimation with automatic buffering and fallback logic, so private transfers complete reliably without running into out-of-gas errors.

Additional UX improvements include:

Confidential ERC-20 transfers directly from the Snap interface

Improved send flow with better loading states, focus management, and self-transfer blocking

Clearer revert error decoding when transactions fail

Redesigned success screen after completed transfers

Security Hardened and Independently Audited

Ahead of this release, the COTI Snap underwent a full security audit by Sayfer Security, completed in March 2026. The audit covered the Snap’s RPC handlers, key management flows, token import logic, encrypted payload validation, and NFT metadata handling.

As Sayfer’s report concludes: “After a review by the Sayfer team, we certify that all the security issues mentioned in this report have been addressed by the COTI team.”

The full audit report is available here.

This release includes comprehensive security hardening across the Snap, with remediations mapped directly to findings from the Sayfer audit:

Origin checks and AES key validation added to all sensitive RPC handlers in onRpcRequest

Explicit user confirmation dialogs added for token import and hide actions, with updated copy that clearly informs users when the raw AES encryption key is being shared

Context validation added to onRpcRequest, alongside support for confidential ERC-20 transfers

ERC-20 address validation now uses ethers.isAddress for stricter input handling

Encrypted payload parsing now includes structure and data type validation, reducing risks from malformed inputs

URL validation hardened in image and NFT metadata utilities to block private and local hostnames, mitigating SSRF-style risks

Transitive and direct dependency updates across the workspace, including minimatch pinned to safe versions to address known vulnerabilities

Node 20 standardized across development, .nvmrc, package.json, and GitHub Actions CI for modern security and compatibility

Together, these changes represent the most thorough security pass the COTI Snap has received to date.

Build Transparency

In keeping with COTI’s commitment to open development, GitHub Actions workflows have been refreshed and aligned with current major versions, and the repository documentation has been updated alongside this release. The full release notes and the Sayfer audit report are both available in the public coti-snap repository, supporting verifiability and trust.

Why This Matters

The MetaMask Snap is how most users interact with COTI’s privacy features today. With this update, the Snap now supports the full range of COTI’s confidential token standards, from 64-bit to 256-bit ERC-20s and private NFTs, all within the wallet that millions of Web3 users already use.

This update also brings the Snap in line with COTI’s recent infrastructure upgrades. The 256-bit support mirrors the capabilities introduced in the Helium Mainnet Upgrade, and seamless testnet-to-mainnet switching makes it easier for developers to build and test confidential applications on COTI.

Privacy in Web3 should be easy to use. This release is another step toward making that a reality.

Get Started Using COTI MetaMask Snap

Ready to try it?

Setting up the COTI Snap takes about 5 minutes. Here’s how to get up and running.

Requirements: MetaMask desktop browser extension and a COTI Mainnet or testnet connection. Mobile browsers are not supported yet (due to Metamask Flask incompatibility).

Stage 1: Install the COTI Snap

Navigate to metamask.coti.io and click Connect Wallet.

Click Install COTI MetaMask Snap and approve the installation when MetaMask prompts you.

Approve the connection request to link the Snap to your wallet.

Select the account you want to use (your COTI Mainnet account is recommended) and click Connect.

Stage 2: Onboard and View Private Balances

Confirm the Snap is active under Profile → Settings → Snaps in MetaMask.

Click Onboard Account and confirm the signature request. This verifies ownership and uses a small amount of COTI for gas.

Grant AES key access when prompted. This is required to decrypt and view your private token balances.

Click Launch dApp to open the COTI Snap interface.

Stage 3: Send and Receive Private Tokens

In the Snap, click Import Tokens and paste the private token’s contract address.

Once imported, the token appears in your Assets list with its decrypted balance.

To send, click Send Token, enter the recipient’s address, and approve the transaction in MetaMask.

Your transaction is now live on-chain, encrypted and private.

Additional Resources

Install or update the COTI Snap at metamask.coti.io

Follow the step-by-step setup guide in COTI Docs

View the full release notes on GitHub

Stay COTI.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

Vibe Coders Telegram: Join here

Introduction

Today, we’re introducing COTI’S Private ERC20. A privacy-enhanced token, fully ERC20-compatible, independently audited, and live on COTI.

ERC20 is the most important token standard in the history of Web3. Stablecoins and smart contracts run on it. The vast majority of on-chain value moves through contracts that are built upon it.

However, ERC20 was never built to do one critical thing: protect the privacy of the people and transactions using it. Every balance, every transfer, every approval, all broadcast on-chain This is how COTI solved it.

Meet Private ERC20s

Private ERC20 is exactly what it sounds like. An ERC20 token, with privacy built in at the protocol level. It behaves the way any builder or user expects. You can hold it, send it, receive it, approve it to a smart contract, and build DeFi around it.

The difference is what happens to the data: balances are encrypted, transfer amounts are encrypted, allowances are encrypted. When a Private ERC20 transaction is processed on COTI, the amounts involved are never exposed publicly or broadcast on-chain.

Each token holder has their own personal encryption key. Only the holder can decrypt their balance. Everyone else, including validators, sees ciphertext. All of that confidentiality is handled automatically by COTI’s Garbled Circuits technology, running underneath the standard.

How COTI Private ERC20 Works

The reason ERC20 became the backbone of Web3 is that everyone agreed on a common token interface, which could be used by builders to create an entire ecosystem.

Wallets supported every token by default. Exchanges could list them quickly. DeFi protocols could accept any ERC20 as collateral without custom integrations. A single standard unlocked billions of dollars of composability.

Privacy has been stuck in the opposite place. Bespoke implementations, specialized tools, one-off integrations. Private ERC20 closes that gap. It takes the coordination power of ERC20 and brings it to privacy. Any team that knows how to build with ERC20 already knows how to build with Private ERC20.

The DNA of COTI Private ERC20s

Private ERC20 is designed to bring true programmable privacy to the COTI Networks, as well as Ethereum, and other chains that have embraced ERC20s as standard. A simple, scalable, and fast approach to privacy that builders can trust with complete confidence.

Full 256-bit precision. Balances, transfers, allowances, mints, and burns all support the native uint256 range. No reduced-width mode. No scaling workarounds. The exact token math builders expect, with encryption underneath.

Encrypted and public modes. Admins can toggle operations between encrypted and public flows. Teams can start with a familiar integration and progressively tighten privacy as the product matures.

Governance by design. Role-based access control, a dedicated MINTER_ROLE, and cap-aware issuance make supply governance explicit and auditable.

Private by default, including supply. totalSupply() returns zero on-chain, while a ciphertext version tracks the real supply internally. No leaking total issuance to the outside world.

Built on proven foundations. Access control and reentrancy protection are inherited from OpenZeppelin. Encrypted arithmetic is delegated to COTI’s MPC precompile. New privacy primitives on top of trusted building blocks.

What Private ERC20 Unlocks

Private ERC20 is the building blocks for a whole new category of applications, dapps and use cases for the entire Web3 ecosystem.

Private tokens: Turning any public ERC20 token into a private token.

Private stablecoins and payments: Move value on public rails without broadcasting salaries, invoices, or settlement amounts.

Confidential DeFi: Trade, lend, and provide liquidity without exposing positions to front-runners or MEV bots.

Tokenized real-world assets: Represent regulated assets on-chain while keeping ownership and financial details protected, with selective disclosure for compliance.

Audited by Sayfer. Built to Ship.

Private ERC20 has been independently audited by Sayfer , a Web3-native cybersecurity consultancy that has secured billions in assets across 100+ clients including MetaMask, 1inch, Polkadot, and StarkWare, with a track record of zero client hacks. Every finding was addressed and resolved before launch.

Open, Live, and Ready to Build On

Private ERC20 is live on the COTI network today. Open source. Available as part of the release from the coti-contracts on GitHub. The full developer guide lives in the COTI docs.

If you can write an ERC20, you can write a Private ERC20.

Privacy is the Foundation. The Portal is the Gateway.

Private ERC20 is the foundation for private tokens. And standards only matter when people can actually use them.

That’s what comes next: the COTI Privacy Portal. A simple and easy to use app where users can easily convert a variety of public tokens into private tokens in just a few clicks, that they can hold, send and receive on-chain.

Giving uses the power to use the fastest and cheapest private tokens in the World, while being able to trust that their balances and transfers stay encrypted.

Stay COTI.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

Vibe Coders Telegram: Join Here

TL;DR: Independent smart contract audits complete on COTI’s private ERC-20 tokens and the upcoming Privacy Portal. Sayfer joins COTI as a long-term security advisor for new privacy infrastructure.

Introduction

COTI is excited to announce a partnership with Sayfer, a leading Web3-native cybersecurity consultancy that has secured billions in assets across 100+ global clients, including MetaMask, 1inch, Polkadot, Tezos, Binance Smart Chain, StarkWare, and Tenderly.

Sayfer has completed a comprehensive smart contract security audit of the infrastructure powering COTI’s next wave of privacy products, and is joining the COTI ecosystem as a trusted, long-term security advisor as COTI continues rolling out new privacy-preserving infrastructure.

As COTI continues to build out its all-in-one privacy protocol, it’s essential that the underlying code is battle-tested. With Sayfer on board, COTI users, developers, and institutions can build and transact with the assurance of industry-leading security.

Meet Sayfer: Industry-Leading Web3 Security

Founded in 2019, Sayfer is a Web3-native cybersecurity consultancy specializing in offensive-defense methodology, closing the gaps that standard security products miss. Their services span smart contract audits, penetration testing, cloud infrastructure audits, private key protection, and broader security consulting.

What sets Sayfer apart is their track record: zero client hacks to date. Their core offering is deep, line-by-line smart contract audits and high-end penetration testing for Web3 protocols, dApps, and supporting infrastructure. Sayfer’s security work is delivered by senior researchers who secure the full stack: smart contracts, blockchain infrastructure, wallets and key management, cloud environments, and web and mobile applications.

How Are COTI And Sayfer Working Together?

Sayfer conducted a multitude of independent smart contract security audits for two new additions to COTI’s privacy stack and major product releases.

1. Private Tokens on COTI Network (p.tokens)

Sayfer audited the smart contracts behind COTI’s upcoming release of private ERC-20 tokens. These are the contracts that encrypt token balances on-chain using Garbled Circuits, enabling users to hold, send, and receive private tokens with balances only they can see.

Audit scope covered encrypted balance logic, RPC handlers, key management flows, token import and validation, encrypted payload parsing, and more. Every finding from the audit was addressed and resolved by the COTI team before launch.

2. Privacy Portal Smart Contracts

Sayfer also audited the smart contracts powering the upcoming COTI Privacy Portal, the web application that lets users convert supported public tokens into a private token in one click, and back again. Giving users the ability to turn tokens private, and take advantage of the lowest cost and fastest private tokens in the world. Built on the same private ERC-20 infrastructure, the Portal contracts were stress-tested by Sayfer’s senior researchers before launch.

3. MetaMask Snap Upgrade

The latest version of the COTI MetaMask Snap will introduce full support for ctUint256, the 256-bit confidential ERC-20 standard unlocked by the Helium Mainnet upgrade.

With this upgrade will debut a series of privacy features, including private NFT support, multi-network switching between COTI Mainnet and Testnet, smarter gas handling, and a redesigned send flow, all geared toward the introduction of private tokens on COTI.

MetaMask Snap is the primary interface for interacting with private tokens created through the Privacy Portal, which was fully audited by Sayfer.

What’s On Sayfer’s Roadmap?

Beyond core audit and penetration testing services, Sayfer is preparing to launch an AI-powered security layer that brings continuous, real-time auditing to Web3, moving past the traditional point-in-time audit model.

The upcoming product pairs senior auditor expertise with AI to deliver continuous monitoring, automated vulnerability detection, and live security insights across smart contracts and protocol infrastructure. Teams can ship faster without waiting for the next audit cycle, and COTI will gain an always-on security monitoring system.

Hardened Security for an Expanding Privacy Ecosystem

COTI will continue to utilize Sayfer’s services, as they serve as a trusted security advisor for COTI’s new privacy-preserving infrastructure and features. As our suite of privacy products expands, Sayfer will be there to audit and ensure hardened security at every layer of the stack.

By pairing Sayfer’s security methodology with COTI’s Garbled Circuits-powered privacy layer, the partnership addresses a specific, critical problem: ensuring that confidential computation on a public blockchain is not just fast and flexible, but provably secure at the code level.

COTI users can trust that they are interacting, holding and transacting with private tokens on contracts that have been independently reviewed by Web3-native security experts. Similarly, developers and builders can rest assured that they are building on smart contracts that have been stress-tested at the code level.

By pairing Sayfer’s offensive-defense methodology with COTI’s privacy technology, this partnership raises the baseline for what secure, confidential Web3 infrastructure should look like.

A Word From Sayfer’s Leadership

We’ve known the COTI team for a long time. Consistently professional, deeply technical, and always pushing novel tech. It’s been a pleasure securing a project built by people who genuinely care about getting the fundamentals right.

— Or D, CTO & Co-Founder, Sayfer

About Sayfer

To explore Sayfer’s security services, visit sayfer.io. For teams interested in a smart contract audit, head directly to the smart contract audit service page, or schedule a call with the Sayfer team.

You can also follow Sayfer on X, Telegram, and LinkedIn, and browse their public audit reports and research at the Sayfer blog.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation:

Website: coti.io

X: @COTInetwork

YouTube: COTI Network

Telegram: t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: discord.gg/COTI

GitHub: github.com/coti-io

Vibe Coders Telegram: join here

Here’s how COTI’s dual privacy engine works and what it matters:

With the announcement of COTI Nightfall, COTI became the first protocol to offer a dual-mainnet privacy stack: high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC) and enterprise-grade ZK Roll-Up technology. All unified by a single token and ecosystem.

This isn’t about choosing sides. It’s about giving every builder, enterprise, and institution the right privacy primitive for the right use case to meet their needs, as well as to meet the global demand for privacy, scalability and compliance.

This post breaks down what each technology does, where each excels, and how they complement each other to power the next generation of private enterprise and applications in the COTI.

Why Two Privacy Protocols?

Privacy should be purpose-built, programmable, and not a one size fits all approach. Different applications, use cases and organizations have different requirements and needs when it comes to privacy, compliance, and scalability.

For example, a regulated fund tokenizing billions in real-world assets on Ethereum, needs compliance workflows, KYC-gating, and auditability. However, a high-frequency DEX protecting traders from front-running needs highly-scalable private trading with raw speed, low latency and low costs.

At COTI, we’re becoming the All-in-One privacy protocol, designed to offer the optimal privacy path and blockchain destination for enterprises and builders,

Garbled Circuits (GC): Fast, Light, Scalable

Garbled Circuits are a cryptographic protocol for secure multi-party computation (MPC). The concept has existed since the 1980s, but COTI is the first to bring a full GC implementation to a live blockchain.

GC enables smart contracts to operate on encrypted inputs without exposing the underlying data. Multiple parties can execute logic together, each keeping their inputs private, while the contract enforces correctness. The result is never revealed to anyone who shouldn’t see it.

Performance profile:

Up to 3,000x faster computation than FHE alternatives

250x lighter in computational demand

Fully EVM-compatible via COTI’s gcEVM

Native 128-bit and 256-bit arithmetic (enabled by the Helium upgrade)

Runs on any device, including mobile, with no specialized hardware required

What runs on COTI GC today:

Private DeFi: Confidential trading, private arbitrage execution (live on Bancor’s Arb Fast Lane), and sealed-bid auctions.

Healthcare Supply Chains: Over 10-million+ private on-chain transactions powering VaccineLedger’s cold chain monitoring in Bangladesh

Private Hardware Wallets: United Network’s card-based wallet with COTI’s privacy layer for confidential transactions

Private Tokens and Encrypted Messaging: Accessible through the COTI MetaMask Snap and community-built tools like CipherTrade

AI and Identity: Programmable privacy for the next generation of decentralized applications

GC is optimized for speed and versatility. No matter the complexity of the use case, COTI private multi-party computation can support it. Built for builders and applications that need fast, low-cost confidential computation at scale.

COTI Nightfall ZK: Enterprise-Grade Flows

Nightfall is an open-source zero-knowledge privacy protocol originally built by Ernst & Young (EY) in 2019 and released to the public domain. It has evolved through significant upgrades, including a 2025 transition to a full ZK Roll-up architecture (Nightfall_4) that delivers near-instant finality and improved performance. EY continues to actively support the protocol’s evolution.

COTI Nightfall brings this proven ZK infrastructure into the COTI ecosystem as a dedicated Ethereum-based ZK Roll-up, purpose-built for regulated environments and institutional workflows.

Key capabilities:

Private transfers across multiple token standards: ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, and ERC-3525

Efficient ZK Roll-ups with near-instant finality

Decentralized permissioning and KYC-gating for regulated environments

Digital identity protocols

Confidential smart contracts with end-to-end encryption

Selective disclosure and multichain composability

Nightfall is built for the use cases where compliance is the starting point, not an afterthought. Tokenized real-world assets, regulated payments, institutional DeFi, and enterprise asset classes that require built-in KYC/AML workflows and auditability at every layer.

Side by Side: COTI GC + Nightfall ZK

Understanding where each technology fits is straightforward.

How They Work Together

The dual-privacy stack isn’t two separate products competing for attention. It’s a unified architecture where each technology handles the use cases it’s best suited for. Properly equipping COTI to onboard the millions of enterprises, organizations and builders across the Globe who want to access the benefits of blockchain and global liquidity, but need privacy to do it.

The speed, low cost, and multi-party computation capabilities make GC the natural fit for high-performance privacy demands and the programmability needed for builders. For regulated enterprises and institutions with strict compliance needs, built-in KYC/AML gating, identity protocols, and selective disclosure for regulators, COTI Nightfall ZK will be the right choice.

The point is simple: enterprises, builders, and institutions no longer need to compromise. The right privacy primitive is always available.

The All-in-One Privacy Protocol

With Nightfall joining the ecosystem, COTI is evolving from a single-chain privacy solution into a multi-chain privacy protocol with three distinct paths:

COTI GC on our native network for fast, scalable confidential computation

COTI Nightfall ZK for enterprise-grade compliance and institutional workflows

Privacy-on-Demand bringing Garbled Circuits to leading L1 and L2 chains, starting with Ethereum

Privacy-on-Demand alone opens the door for thousands of apps and dApps on other chains to leverage COTI’s GC for private computation and transactions, all powered by the COTI token. Every enterprise, every builder, every use case now has a privacy path on COTI that fits.

One Token. Unified Utility.

The COTI token will be native to COTI Nightfall ZK mainnet, just as it is for our COTI GC network. This expands the horizon of demand and utility for the token, with protocol fees, staking, gas, and governance now flowing across two networks instead of one.

Whether a builder chooses COTI GC or COTI Nightfall ZK, value flows back to the same ecosystem and the same token. More networks. More utility. More demand.

What’s Next

COTI Nightfall is scheduled to launch on testnet in the near future, with mainnet deployment planned for later in 2026. Meanwhile, the GC-powered mainnet continues to grow, having just hit over 110-million+ on-chain transactions and wallets continuing to grow month-over-month.

With Garbled Circuits and ZK now under one roof, COTI is positioned as the all-in-one privacy protocol and a privacy leader of Web3.

Purpose-fit privacy for every enterprise, institution, and builder. This is just the beginning.

Stay COTI. 🚀

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Built for enterprises, builders, and agents. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits and enterprise-grade COTI Nightfall (ZK), COTI enables encrypted computation on any public blockchain. Fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy across DeFi, AI, and beyond.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

TL;DR COTI has announced COTI Nightfall — a major upgrade to our enterprise privacy ecosystem. In this FAQ, we answer the community’s top questions about Nightfall, COTI’s expanding privacy stack, and what it means for the COTI token.

What is Nightfall?

Nightfall is an open-source zero-knowledge privacy layer originally built by Ernst & Young (EY) in 2019 and released to the public domain. Since then, it has undergone significant upgrades — including a 2025 transition to a full Zero-Knowledge (ZK) roll-up architecture that delivers near-instant finality and improved performance. EY continues to actively support the evolution of the protocol.

Who is EY (Ernst & Young)?

EY is one of the Big Four professional services firms (alongside Deloitte, PwC, and KPMG). Operating as a global network under Ernst & Young Global Limited, EY serves enterprise clients across nearly every major industry — with services spanning assurance, consulting, tax, strategy, and transactions in more than 150 countries. EY’s notable client list includes Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet & many more.

What is COTI Nightfall?

COTI Nightfall is an Ethereum-based Zero-Knowledge (ZK) roll-up and privacy layer that we’re integrating into the COTI privacy ecosystem. It enables confidential transactions on Ethereum and Ethereum-compatible networks while preserving the transparency, immutability, and security that enterprises require.

What can COTI Nightfall do?

Key capabilities include:

Private transfers across multiple token standards (ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, ERC-3525)

Efficient ZK roll-ups with near-instant finality

Decentralized permissioning and KYC-gating for regulated environments

Confidential smart contracts with end-to-end encryption

Selective disclosure and multichain composability

What is the purpose of COTI Nightfall?

COTI Nightfall gives us an additional ZK-based privacy stack and a new path to onboard enterprises into the COTI ecosystem — complete with built-in compliance and institutional workflows. In short: we’re doubling down on enterprise adoption by offering another proven technology path alongside Garbled Circuits.

When does COTI Nightfall launch?

COTI Nightfall is scheduled to launch on testnet in the near future, with mainnet deployment planned for later in 2026.

Why is COTI launching a ZK solution alongside Garbled Circuits?

COTI is evolving into the All-in-One Privacy Protocol. To meet that goal, we’re introducing an enterprise-grade ZK solution alongside our high-performance Garbled Circuits — so that any enterprise or builder, regardless of their preferred privacy approach, can build on COTI.

What does ‘All-in-One Privacy Protocol’ mean?

COTI is evolving from a single-chain privacy solution into a multi-chain privacy protocol. This includes COTI GC on our native network for fast, scalable confidential computation; Privacy-on-Demand to bring GC to other leading blockchains; and the newly introduced COTI Nightfall ZK for enterprise-grade compliance workflows. Together, these offer every enterprise, builder, and user a fully customizable privacy solution.

What is Privacy-on-Demand?

This year, COTI is bringing Garbled Circuits to leading L1 and L2 chains via Privacy-on-Demand. This opens the door for thousands of apps and dApps on other chains to leverage COTI’s GC for private computation and transactions — all powered by the COTI token.

Will COTI still be focused on Garbled Circuits and Privacy-on-Demand?

Absolutely. COTI remains focused on scaling projects and builders on our GC-powered mainnet. We’re also bringing GC-powered privacy to several leading blockchains this year, starting with Ethereum.

How does the multi-chain expansion affect the COTI token?

COTI is expanding to power privacy across multiple chains. When users bridge COTI tokens to a new chain, the tokens transfer 1:1. More chains means more utility, more demand and more fee revenue — without any dilution.

Does Nightfall introduce a new token?

No. COTI Nightfall will be powered by the native COTI token.

Are new COTI tokens being created?

No. The maximum supply cap remains fixed. No new tokens are being minted.

How will the COTI token work across multiple chains?

Both COTI GC-mainnet and COTI Nightfall are powered by a single COTI token. Fees, staking, governance, and privacy services on Nightfall will all use the COTI token — the same as on our native network.

How will COTI Nightfall expand token utility?

By driving more enterprise adoption and expanding use cases — which in turn drives more fees, privacy services, staking, burns, and governance activity, all without supply dilution.

Whether a builder chooses COTI GC or COTI Nightfall ZK, value flows back to the same ecosystem and the same token.

Read our Tokenomics Upgrade for more details.

As a token holder, do I need to do anything?

No action is required. COTI remains the same token.

What’s next for COTI?

COTI will continue expanding our ecosystem — including onboarding and partnering with leading global enterprises to bring privacy to the forefront of blockchain.

Stay COTI. 🚀

About COTI:

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

TL;DR

COTI is launching COTI Nightfall, an enterprise-grade Zero-Knowledge (ZK) Roll-up for privacy.

It will operate as a dual-mainnet stack alongside COTI’s existing Garbled Circuits (GC) mainnet.

GC is for speed and low cost, while Nightfall ZK is for regulated, institutional use cases, with built-in KYC/AML features.

The Nightfall ZK technology was originally built by Ernst & Young (EY).

Both chains are powered by the COTI token for unified utility.

The testnet is coming soon, and the mainnet is planned for later in 2026.

More networks. More utility. More demand.

Meet COTI Nightfall

Today, COTI announces the launch of COTI Nightfall — an Ethereum Zero-Knowledge (ZK) Roll-up joining the COTI ecosystem. This milestone is a bold step forward in our mission to become the all-in-one privacy protocol, delivering purpose-fit privacy solutions for enterprises, institutions, and builders.

Here is everything you need to know 👇

EY & The Origins of Nightfall

Nightfall is an open-source zero-knowledge privacy protocol originally built by Ernst & Young (EY) in 2019 and released to the public domain. It has evolved through significant upgrades — including a 2025 transition to a full ZK Roll-up architecture that delivers near-instant finality and improved performance.

EY is one of the Big Four professional services firms (alongside Deloitte, PwC, and KPMG). Operating as a global network under Ernst & Young Global Limited, EY serves enterprise clients across nearly every major industry — with services spanning assurance, consulting, tax, strategy, and transactions in more than 150 countries.

What is Nightfall?

Nightfall enables confidential transactions on Ethereum and Ethereum-compatible networks while preserving the transparency, immutability, and security that enterprises require.

Its latest iteration, Nightfall 4, leverages ZK technology to support private transfers across multiple token standards, including ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, ERC-3525, bundled into efficient ZK Roll-ups. It also features decentralized permissioning and KYC-gating capabilities designed for regulated and compliance environments.

The protocol has come a long way since 2019. With six years of iteration and improvements, it’s now coming to COTI.

A Dual-Mainnet Privacy Stack

COTI Nightfall is a purpose-built ZK solution for enterprises launching alongside COTI’s existing high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC) mainnet. We’re not replacing anything, we’re adding serious firepower to our privacy ecosystem.

The result: a dual-mainnet privacy stack. GC for fast, low-cost, scalable applications. Nightfall ZK for enterprise-grade compliance and institutional workflows. Two proven technologies, one ecosystem.

The right privacy primitive for the right use case.

COTI GC Mainnet

The fastest, lightest, and most cost-effective privacy chain in Web3

Up to 3,000x faster and 250x lighter than alternatives

Built for DeFi, payments, identity, AI, and builder-led applications

COTI Nightfall ZK

Enterprise-grade, compliance-ready privacy for institutional workflows

Built-in KYC/AML gating and decentralized permissioning

Built for tokenized RWAs, private DeFi, regulated payments, and institutional asset classes

Together, these offer every enterprise, builder, and user a fully customizable privacy solution.

One Token. Two Blockchains.

The COTI token will be native to both the existing GC-mainnet and the COTI Nightfall ZK mainnet. Both chains are powered by a single COTI token, ensuring unified utility across fees, staking, governance, and privacy services, without supply dilution.

The token will be bridged 1:1 across chains. The maximum supply cap remains fixed, and no new tokens will be minted.

What does change is utility. Protocol fees, staking, gas, and governance now flow across two networks instead of one. Whether a builder chooses COTI GC or COTI Nightfall ZK, value flows back to the same ecosystem and the same token.

More networks. More utility. More demand.

What COTI Nightfall Enables

COTI Nightfall opens up a new class of enterprise use cases and partnerships that demand compliance-ready privacy infrastructure:

Confidential smart contracts with end-to-end encryption

Selective disclosure for regulatory compliance

Multichain composability across Ethereum-compatible networks

Private transfers of ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, and ERC-3525 token standards

Decentralized permissioning and KYC-gating for regulated environments

The timing matters. Demand for compliant privacy infrastructure is accelerating across tokenized real-world assets (RWAs), private DeFi, and regulated payments. COTI intends to capture that demand by being the all-in-one privacy protocol.

The All-in-One Privacy Protocol

COTI is evolving from a single-chain privacy solution into something much bigger — a multi-chain privacy protocol with three distinct paths:

COTI GC: Our native network for fast, scalable confidential computation for enterprises, builders, agents and users.

Privacy-on-Demand: Deploying Garbled Circuits powered-privacy to leading L1 and L2 chains, starting with Ethereum.

COTI Nightfall ZK: For enterprises who need institutional-grade compliance and institutional workflows, and

For every enterprise, every builder, every use case, there’s now a privacy path on COTI that fits. With Privacy-on-Demand we will open the door for thousands of apps and dApps on other chains to leverage COTI’s GC for private computation and transactions, all powered by the COTI token.

COTI remains fully committed to scaling enterprises, projects and builders on our GC-powered mainnet. COTI Nightfall expands the mission, and we’re committed to making COTI the full-suite privacy solution.

What the Leaders Are Saying

“With the launch of COTI Nightfall, we’re advancing the evolution of privacy infrastructure by launching proven ZK technology alongside our industry-leading Garbled Circuits. This dual-mainnet approach delivers the ultimate in programmable privacy, empowering enterprises and builders worldwide to embed true confidentiality into any use case.”

— Shahaf Bar-Geffen, CEO of COTI

“We are really pleased to be working with COTI. Adding the Ethereum Mainnet to the set of networks where Nightfall is available is a huge positive step, and COTI already understands the importance of building infrastructure for privacy for enterprise users.”

— Clare Adelgren, EY Global Interim Blockchain Leader

What’s Next

COTI Nightfall is scheduled to launch on testnet in the near future, with mainnet deployment planned for later in 2026.

This major milestone and launch supports COTI’s 2026 strategic vision to take privacy mainstream. With Garbled Circuits and ZK now under one roof, multichain Privacy-on-Demand coming soon, COTI is now the all-in-one privacy protocol for Web3.

Purpose-built privacy for every enterprise, institution, and builder. Multiple chains. All powered by the COTI token. Privacy for every use case.

Stay COTI.

About COTI:

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

TL;DR

→ COTI introduces a comprehensive tokenomics update designed to strengthen long-term value for the ecosystem and holders.
→ COTI will remain the single unified asset of the ecosystem, while updating how value is created, captured, and returned to holders.
→ Maximum supply stays fixed. No new tokens are minted.
→ Multi-chain expansion under the same fixed supply.
→ Revenue-driven burn mechanisms tied directly to real usage.
→ A new permissionless node economy with transparent rewards.
→ Commitment to burn at least 100M COTI tokens within 12 months.

Introduction

Today, we’re excited to unveil an upgrade to our COTI tokenomics, intended to strengthen the value of the token, reduce supply and introduce a new model in preparation for our upcoming ecosystem growth. The real-world value and the critical importance of privacy has never been stronger. Privacy is non-negotiable for the world’s finance, enterprises, and commerce to move on-chain. The trend toward privacy has gone mainstream. To meet the fast-growing demand for privacy, we’re upgrading our ecosystem and the COTI token — to power our All-in-One Privacy Layer. In the coming months, we’ll debut our plans to scale into new chains, services, and partnerships, and today we’re revealing the tokenomics’ improvements designed to scale with it.

We’re upgrading how value is generated, distributed and returned to the token and its holders. Now, real network usage is directly tied to deflation. New protocol revenues from privacy computations and cross-chain services will be burned, permanently reducing supply as adoption grows.

Here’s everything you need to know 👇

One Token. Multiple Chains. Same Supply.

COTI is evolving from a single-chain privacy solution into the World’s leading All-in-One privacy protocol and infrastructure provider. You can think of COTI as a swiss-army knife for privacy, providing every enterprise, builder and user the ideal privacy solution to meet their needs.

What this Means: In coming weeks, COTI will introduce an additional privacy blockchain on testnet, designed and supported by a leading institutional partner, so enterprises and builders can have the option to build using Garbled Circuits alongside other leading privacy technology.

Multi-Chain Privacy: in 2026 COTI will bring its innovative Garbled Circuits to leading L1 and L2 chains via Privacy on Demand. This will open the floodgates to thousands of apps and dapps on other chains to gain access to COTI’s GC for private computation and transactions.

Single Unified Token: The COTI token is also expanding, and will power our entire privacy network, compute and transactions, across multiple chains and a wide-range of use cases. COTI will maintain the same maximum supply cap across ecosystems, with the mission of creating the world’s largest privacy network.

All-in-One Privacy Ecosystem: Revenue & Fees

The future of privacy scalability is fully-composable and programmable privacy across blockchains, protocols, and the fast-changing tech and AI landscape.

COTI’s All-in-One privacy infrastructure will roll out across multiple chains and ecosystems, powered by a new usage-based pricing model. Transactions fees for private computation and transaction processing will create real, sustainable revenue, all paid in COTI.

How COTI Privacy Fees Work

Transaction Fees Every private transaction in our privacy network requires a gas, which is higher than the non-private transaction’s gas. More complex operations, like confidential smart contracts, incur higher gas costs, all paid in COTI token and accrued in the community-controlled wallet.

Privacy bridge and Cross-Chain Privacy-on-Demand Fees

Using the Privacy Bridge and initiating private cross-chain transfers each will carry their own fee in COTI tokens, adding a new revenue layer to the chain.

Comprehensive Burn Mechanisms

COTI is introducing multiple, layered burn mechanisms that permanently reduce circulating supply as the network grows. The greater the adoption and utilization of COTI and our privacy tech, the reduced supply of total tokens.

Fee-Based Burns

100% of all COTI V2 gas fees, including from private transactions, are collected in a community controlled wallet

50% of all privacy bridge transactions and privacy-on-demand fees burned, while the rest will be used by the foundation to grow the privacy ecosystem and reward adoption from other chains.

Governance Burns

The community treasury can vote to burn accumulated gas fees, as described in the whitepaper.

Annual burn proposals by the COTI Foundation like the one below

100M Commitment: We are committed to a minimum burn of 100M COTI tokens within the first 12 months (approx. 3% from the total supply), including tokens derived from gas fees accumulated in the community-controlled wallet. All burns will be transparent, verifiable, and tracked through public burn addresses.

Adaptive Staking Rewards

Upon the launch of Treasury v2, COTI will introduce a self-balancing staking model. The model adjusts APY based on participation, to attract participants, while automatically managing reward distribution and dilution.

How it works: At the target participation rate of 15% of circulating supply staked, the APY sits at a fixed ratio, say 10%. If participation drops, APY rises to attract more stakers. If participation surges, APY cools naturally.

This creates a stable equilibrium without manual intervention, and total staking rewards are capped at 50% of the community allocation per rewards epoch, providing a hard budget ceiling on reward distribution.

What This Means for COTI Holders

The COTI Tokenomics update feeds into a single flywheel:

More chains = more utility, more fee revenue and no new supply.

More usage = more fees, more burns, less circulating supply.

More participation = stronger node economy, more staking, more supply locked.

More burns = permanent, compounding supply reduction.

With our new tokenomics upgrade, we’re ensuring that as the COTI privacy ecosystem scales and grows across chains, enterprises, and applications, supply shrinks. The model rewards holders, participants, and builders, without changing the core structure of the token.

Tokenomics Transparency

Every burn, every fee allocation, and every reward distribution will be verifiable on-chain. This includes annual burn reports, and public burn addresses that are provably unspendable. We’re building a system where trust is backed by data, not promises.

Looking Forward

COTI is evolving into an All-in-One privacy infrastructure across multiple chains and ecosystems. Creating a thriving global network that can meet the privacy demands for every enterprise, builder, use case, and user.

The COTI team is committed to building a model that rewards our loyal community members, while fostering a vibrant ecosystem of innovation. This tokenomics update ensures that as the network scales, value flows directly back to the ecosystem and its holders. More utility. Real revenues. Stronger incentives. Reduced supply. A clear deflationary path. Built on real value.

Stay COTI.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

COTI Earn: https://earn.coti.io/earn

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

TL;DR

Celebrating one-year of COTI V2 Mainnet

110M+ on-chain transactions processed

80+ ecosystem partners and integrations

COTI-powered privacy is live across DeFi, healthcare, RWAs, hardware wallets, and more.

COTI Earn surpassed 100,000 users

Inaugural member of the EEA Privacy Working Group

Engaged in projects across the U.S., Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, and the Middle East

Celebrating One-Year of COTI V2 Mainnet

Exactly one year ago today, on March 26, 2025, COTI V2 Mainnet went live. Twelve months later, the ecosystem has grown beyond what we could have imagined. Here’s a look back at what we’ve built with our amazing community and partners.

The COTI V2 Mainnet launch was the culmination of over two years of research and development. A new cryptographic approach to blockchain privacy, and the world’s first Garbled Circuits technology to go live into production.

Today, we’re celebrating the past year’s milestones, and everything that’s happened since. The partnerships, the builders, the on-chain activity, and the live deployments across a wide-range of industries. Including, DeFi, healthcare, real-world assets, and more.

This is the story of Year One. And it’s only the beginning.

Privacy Became the Narrative

When we launched, privacy was still an emerging narrative. The thesis behind COTI was straightforward:

Institutions wouldn’t move trillions on-chain without confidentiality.

Enterprises wouldn’t build on transparent ledgers without data protection and meeting compliance standards.

For blockchain and crypto to be the global standard, privacy was a non-negotiable requirement.

By the end of 2025, the world agreed. a16z called privacy, “The most important moat in crypto.”

Vitalik Buterin publicly highlighted Garbled Circuits as a faster, more practical approach to multi-party computation. Regulators began signaling that compliant privacy would be essential for institutional adoption.

The shift happened, and COTI’s mainnet was already live and in production.

Setting the Privacy Standard

Within months, COTI joined the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA), the Tokenized Asset Coalition (TAC), the DeCC Alliance, and became a founding member of the Saudi Arabia AI and Blockchain Centre (SAAIBC). We were featured in Messari’s DeCC Ecosystem Report, and received a standout security audit from Hacken.

In early 2026, we became an inaugural member of the EEA Privacy Working Group, alongside the Ethereum Foundation, Consensys (Linea), EY (Nightfall), Polygon, ZKsync, and others to shape enterprise privacy standards for Ethereum and Layer 2s.

We’re grateful to be part of this effort and to contribute alongside some of the most respected teams in the ecosystem.

One Year by the Numbers

Here’s a look at what the past twelve months have looked like on-chain and across the ecosystem.

110M+ total transactions on COTI Network

Onchain transactions nearly 2x the total of 2025

80+ ecosystem partners across DeFi, RWAs, AI, Enterprise, and more

100,000+ users on COTI Earn

World’s 1st private RWA live on COTI Testnet

All live, in-production, on-chain activity. Powered by COTI GC.

What We Built: Privacy in Production

Numbers tell part of the story. Here’s a closer look at some of the use cases and integrations that went live on COTI this year.

Powering Private DeFi

PriveX, the first perpetual DEX on COTI, grew rapidly over the past year. Powered by intent-based execution, AI trading agents, and the COTI network. PriveX has processed over $20 billion in total trading volume while helping protect trader strategies from front-running and MEV extraction.

Bancor’s Carbon DeFi integrated COTI, and GC went live on Bancor’s Arb Fast Lane. COTI GC is powering 60,000 daily on-chain monitoring transactions, encrypting sensitive arbitrage execution inputs at the protocol level.

The DeFi stack also continued to grow with Accumulated Finance launching Minter Flash Loans on COTI, alongside VeilDEX and Houdini Swap.

Healthcare Supply Chains

StaTwig’s VaccineLedger, a UN-recognized Digital Public Good, integrated COTI’s Garbled Circuits into its cold chain monitoring system. Over 10 million private on-chain transactions processed real vaccine sensor data in Bangladesh’s national immunization program. Zero sensitive data exposed with a total cost of under $5 in COTI tokens.

This is a live government health program, validated by public health officials.

Institutional RWA Tokenization

Zoniqx, the world’s first AI-native operating system for tokenized real-world assets, has deployed a privacy-enabled RWA on testnet, powered by COTI’s Garbled Circuits. This is the beginning of on-boarding our work together to tokenize RWAs with embedded programmable privacy. Creating a compliant on-ramp for privacy-enabled real-world assets on-chain.

Hardware Wallets and Consumer Privacy

United Network became the first hardware wallet provider to integrate COTI’s privacy layer. On-chain confidentiality combined with physical card-based self-custody. Private keys stored locally, confidential transactions with a card tap.

Digital Rights Management

COTI partnered with Xctuality to launch a privacy-first DRM engine for digital textbooks, giving publishers and students NFT-based ownership with encrypted, traceable access on-chain. A use case with potential far beyond education.

Stablecoins: The Road to Private DJED

COTI announced a collaboration with Artifi Labs to support the long-term development of DJED, the overcollateralized stablecoin. The partnership accelerates the roadmap toward Private DJED, a multi-chain private stablecoin.

Builders Shipping Privacy On-Chain

One of the highlights of Year One: opening the door for individual builders to create and ship private products on-chain. That’s the promise of programmable privacy. Not just infrastructure for enterprises, but tools that anyone can use to build real privacy-powered apps and technology.

Through COTI’s Vibe Code Challenges, community members built and launched privacy-powered games, apps, and on-chain experiences, many with no prior coding experience. The result: a growing library of community-built products, all running on COTI.

The Infrastructure Behind It All

None of this happens without infrastructure that performs. Over the past year, COTI shipped major upgrades to keep pace with the growing ecosystem.

Helium Mainnet Upgrade: Native 128-bit and 256-bit arithmetic, improved MPC performance, and new developer trace/debug tooling for private computation.

Cross-Chain Liquidity: ChainPort integration brought ADA and USDT from 9+ major chains. Hyperlane powers USDC, wETH, and wBTC bridging.

Midnight Network’s NIGHT token went live on COTI.

Exchange Listings: COTI V2 supported on Binance, Coinbase, Kraken, KuCoin, MEXC, Gate.io, Bitrue, and CEFFU for institutional custody.

MetaMask Privacy Snap: Encrypted balances and private token management on the most widely used Web3 wallet.

COTI Earn: Three seasons of rewards across COTI, USDC, USDT, wETH, wBTC, and wADA. Over 100,000 users and growing.

Privacy Goes Global

Year One wasn’t just about technology. It was about showing up around the world, building relationships with the institutions that will define the next era of blockchain.

United States: NYC Mayor’s Digital Asset Summit, State Street engagement

Hong Kong: RWA Luncheon during Consensus HK, co-hosting The Table with RWA.FYI

Singapore: RWA Roundtable with leaders from Google, Fireblocks, OKX, Solana, GSR, Animoca, and Centrifuge

Bangkok: “The Table” Roundtable with Bank of Thailand, SCBX, and TokenX

Middle East: RWA Summit at Burj Al Arab, Royal Palace visit in Dubai, HSC Asset Management Conference in Abu Dhabi, and founding membership in SAAIBC

Central Banks and Government: Pioneer Partner for the ECB Digital Euro Design Challenge, member of the Tokenized Asset Coalition, and partner with the Bank of Israel for the Digital Shekel Design.

Built by the Community, Celebrated by the Community

None of this happens without you.

The launch of Stay COTI and the Yaru open build programs created a new generation of vibe code builders, people using AI tools to build privacy-powered apps, games, and products on COTI with no prior coding experience required. Yaru Create expanded into Southeast Asia, bringing new builders into the fold from Laos and Cambodia.

Builder meetups and hackathons ran across Argentina, Tokyo, Bangkok, Singapore, and Cambodia. The Vibe Code Challenge invited anyone to build a privacy app in 30 days with real prizes and support to launch on-chain.

This is the future of building in Web3: fast, accessible, and open to everyone.

Happy Birthday, COTI V2

One year ago, we launched a mainnet. Today, that infrastructure is live and powering real applications for users, builders, and institutions around the world.

To every builder, holder, partner, and community member who made this year possible: thank you. This is your celebration too.

2025 was the year COTI went live. 2026 is the year we take privacy mainstream.

We’re just getting started.

Stay COTI.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

The agent economy is exploding. But there’s a problem no one wants to talk about: transparency is killing their profit margins.

AI agents aren’t coming to blockchain. They’re already here.

Right now, autonomous trading agents are monitoring markets 24/7, spotting mispricings, and executing trades faster than any human ever could. Prediction markets like Polymarket and Kalshi are crushing it — together handling over $1.5 billion in weekly volume — and increasingly, it’s machines placing those bets.

Short-duration contracts that resolve in minutes or hours are the new normal. The infrastructure for an agent-driven economy is here. But there’s a vulnerability hiding in plain sight.

The Transparency Trap

Blockchain was built on transparency. Every transaction, every move, every balance is visible to anyone who looks. For human users, this is manageable. You can fade into the noise, use fresh wallets, mix your funds.

For AI agents? That’s not how it works. When an autonomous trading agent executes a strategy on-chain, that strategy is immediately exposed. Competitors can:

Front-run their trades

Copy their signals instantly

Analyze their decision-making patterns and exploit them

The moment your AI agent reveals its hand, it’s dead money. You’re not just competing against other traders — you’re competing against algorithms that can reverse-engineer your entire playbook the moment it hits the mempool. And it gets worse. AI agents are increasingly being used to identify you.

Through on-chain behavior correlation combined with social media analysis, machine learning systems can link wallet addresses to real-world identities at scale. What was pseudonymous is becoming increasingly traceable.

This isn’t a theoretical concern. Vitalik Buterin recently highlighted that AI agents operating on-chain need confidential transactions, multi-party computation, and zero-knowledge proofs to function safely.

The transparency that makes blockchain trustworthy for humans makes it dangerous for autonomous agents. The agent economy needs a privacy layer. Not as an afterthought — as infrastructure.

Enter COTI

COTI isn’t another privacy coin chasing the agent narrative. It’s something more ambitious: a programmable privacy layer for Web3, purpose-built for the agent economy. Here’s what makes them different:

Garbled Circuits (gcEVM)

COTI is the first blockchain protocol to implement Garbled Circuits on-chain. This is a big deal. Garbled Circuits allow multiple parties to jointly compute a result on encrypted data without revealing their individual inputs.

Think about what that means for trading agents: two agents can execute a confidential swap, run a multi-party computation, or collaborate on a strategy — and neither reveals its inputs to the other. The result is valid, but the secret sauce stays secret. Vitalik Buterin recently highlighted COTI’s implementation as exactly what the space needs. That’s not marketing. That’s validation.

EVM-Compatible Out of the Box

This is the part that matters for developers. COTI’s gcEVM is fully EVM-compatible. You don’t need to rip up your smart contracts and start over. You can integrate confidential computation directly into existing dApps.

For agent developers, that means: build your agents normally, flip a switch, and get privacy.

Confidential Transactions + Selective Disclosure

COTI doesn’t just hide amounts. It hides who transacted and what was traded. But unlike old-school privacy coins that are black boxes, COTI supports selective disclosure — you can reveal transaction details to the right parties (auditors, counterparties, regulators) while keeping the rest private. For agents operating at scale, this is critical. You need privacy to protect strategies, but you also need auditability for compliance. COTI gives you both.

The Bottom Line

The agent economy is emerging fast. Prediction markets are tokenized, autonomous traders are live, and AI systems are becoming the primary users of blockchain. According to NEAR co-founder Illia Polosukhin, they’ll be the dominant user base before long.

But this economy can’t function without privacy. Not the “I have something to hide” kind — the “I have a competitive advantage to protect” kind.

The “my client’s data needs to stay confidential” kind.

The “I need compliance with selective disclosure” kind.

COTI has built exactly that: a programmable privacy layer that agents can actually use, without sacrificing compatibility or performance. The question isn’t whether on-chain agents need privacy. It’s who’s going to provide it.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

TL;DR:
→ Zoniqx has officially launched the first private RWA on COTI testnet.
→ This is a historic first for blockchain and real-world assets.
→ Deployed on the COTI blockchain and powered by Garbled Circuits
→ Powered by Zoniqx’s institutional-grade tokenization stack.
→ Private testnet phase now live, with RWA issuer onboarding to follow

Trillions in real-world assets are waiting to move on-chain. Today, one of the biggest barriers to making that happen has been resolved, opening the floodgates to RWAs.

We’re thrilled to announce that our partner Zoniqx has officially deployed the world’s first privacy-enabled Real World Asset (RWA) on the COTI testnet. This is a historic milestone for blockchain, for finance, and for the future of tokenized assets.

For the first time ever, a real-world asset has been tokenized with built-in, programmable confidentiality on a public blockchain. Sensitive financial data, ownership details, and transaction history are all protected at the protocol level, while still maintaining full compliance and auditability.

It’s live on testnet. And it’s just the beginning.

Why RWAs Need Privacy

Real World Assets, think bonds, real estate, private credit, invoices, commodities, and more, represent one of the most transformative opportunities in blockchain. The RWA market is estimated to hit $30 trillion in the coming years, with only a fraction currently tokenized.

The opportunity is massive. But so is the problem.

Public blockchains are transparent by design. Every transaction, every balance, every transfer is visible to anyone. For institutions moving sensitive financial instruments on-chain, that transparency is a dealbreaker. Proprietary deal structures, counterparty identities, and transaction volumes can’t simply be exposed on a public ledger.

This is why most enterprise RWA deployments remain stuck on private, permissioned chains. Not because public blockchains lack performance or liquidity, but because they lack confidentiality. Until now.

What Was Deployed

Zoniqx has deployed a privacy-enabled RWA on testnet, powered by COTI’s Garbled Circuits and integrated into Zoniqx’s institutional-grade AI-native operating system for tokenized RWAs.

This deployment combines COTI’s programmable privacy layer with Zoniqx’s compliance-native AI-native operating system for tokenized RWAs, enabling end-to-end confidentiality across the full asset lifecycle.

How Private RWAs Work:

Confidential issuance, transfers, and settlements with end-to-end encryption

Privacy-focused compliance workflows for issuers and investors

Selective disclosure to satisfy regulatory requirements while protecting sensitive data

RWAs get full-access to global liquidity while keeping sensitive data private.

What Are RWAs?

For those new to the space: RWA stands for Real World Assets. It’s the umbrella term for anything with value in the physical or traditional financial world that gets represented digitally on a blockchain. Think of it as taking something that exists off-chain and giving it a verifiable, programmable identity on-chain.

Common examples include:

Financial assets: Treasury bills, corporate bonds, money-market instruments, and credit products

Physical assets: Real estate, commodities like gold and oil, and infrastructure

Commercial assets: Invoices, supply-chain assets, and revenue-backed agreements

Rights-based assets: IP rights, royalties, and carbon credits

Tokenization gives these assets global liquidity, fractional ownership, and programmable logic. But until now, the absence of privacy has kept the biggest players on the sidelines.

Why RWA Issuers Need Privacy

RWA issuers are the legal entities responsible for originating, structuring, and managing real-world assets on-chain. These are banks, asset managers, funds, and enterprises looking to unlock the benefits of tokenization: global access to liquidity, streamlined transfers, and shared ownership.

For many issuers, the proprietary or sensitive information surrounding their RWAs cannot be made public. Many compliance requirements require privacy, while others simply don’t want to reveal sensitive information, including client details, investor information, counterparty relationships and more.

This is the fundamental problem that COTI and Zoniqx are solving: giving institutions the liquidity and global market benefits of public blockchains, while giving them the non-negotiable privacy they require.

What’s Next

This testnet deployment is the first step in a much larger roadmap. Zoniqx will be onboarding RWA issuers to deploy a wide variety of tokenized assets across multiple asset classes and jurisdictions, all powered by COTI’s programmable privacy infrastructure.

The path from testnet to mainnet production is now underway. As the integration matures, expect more details on the types of assets being tokenized, the issuers involved, and the timeline for public deployment.

Institutions won’t move trillions in assets on-chain without privacy. The final piece of the puzzle for tokenizing real-world assets is here.

Stay COTI.

About Zoniqx

Zoniqx is the world’s first AI-native operating system for tokenized real-world assets (RWAs), built in Menlo Park, California. The platform governs the full lifecycle of tokenized assets across multiple jurisdictions and chains, from issuance and compliance to governed distribution and settlement.

Zoniqx supports the tokenization of equity, debt, funds, real estate, and energy assets, while enforcing KYC, KYB, accreditation requirements, and jurisdiction-specific regulations through compliance logic embedded at the asset level via ERC-7518/DyCIST, the open token standard developed by Zoniqx and live across 14+ blockchains.

Website: https://www.zoniqx.com/

X: https://x.com/zoniqxinc

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

UCTalent integrates COTI Garbled Circuits to deliver confidential escrow, private payouts, and anonymous headhunting — disrupting the $320B+ recruitment industry on-chain.

We’re excited to announce our partnership with UCTalent, the Trusted Decentralized Talent Network, that is on a mission to reshape how startups and projects recruit, reward, and retain talent.

UCTalent has integrated COTI GC technology to build a recruitment ecosystem where sensitive HR data — from bounty negotiations to candidate identities — stays confidential on-chain.

This collaboration marks an important step in proving that blockchain can handle the sensitive demands of the global recruitment market, while maintaining the trustless, permissionless principles that make Web3 powerful.

UCTalent: An Ecosystem for Talent

UCTalent is a decentralized talent network that bridges the gap between freelance headhunters, companies, and professionals. By decentralizing talent acquisition and professional development through a high-performance blockchain architecture, UCTalent is taking aim at the $320B+ global recruitment industry.

The platform allows companies to post bounty-backed job openings where independent recruiters or anyone in the network can refer candidates. Blockchain-powered referral tracking and automated escrow settlement ensure that talent sourcing is global, permissionless, and trustless.

UCTalent’s ecosystem also integrates proprietary AI Agents for automated sourcing and career optimization, creating a secure and highly incentivized environment where everyone — from coaches to recruiters — is rewarded for the value they create.

Privacy-Powered Recruitment

UCTalent has integrated COTI Garbled Circuits (GC) to enable privacy to tackle three critical challenges in decentralized recruitment:

Confidential Escrow: Bounty negotiations and, eventually, salary discussions remain encrypted and private, removing the risk of sensitive compensation data being exposed on a public ledger.

Private Payouts: UCTalent keeps compensation data confidential while settling rewards on-chain — giving recruiters and talent the assurance that their earnings are between them and the platform.

Anonymity for Candidates: Applicant identities are protected during the early stages of the headhunting process, preventing bias and safeguarding professional privacy until the right match is confirmed.

What’s Next for UCTalent

Following a successful smart contract release on COTI, UCTalent is now preparing for its 2026 Mainnet Launch. The mainnet launch will include:

A decentralized headhunting platform with privacy-guarded payouts

A global talent board with “Pay & Connect” directly to talent

A freelance marketplace with crypto payments

“Agentic Headhunter” feature that uses AI agents to autonomously match developers with global opportunities based on their on-chain contributions.

The UCTalent platform sets a powerful precedent for what’s possible when privacy and decentralized infrastructure meet real-world industry needs:

Compliant Hiring: Establishes a GDPR-ready framework for the recruitment market, proving that blockchain can handle sensitive HR data with full compliance.

Talent Retention: Reduces ecosystem “talent drain” by efficiently matching top-tier Web3 talent with high-quality roles, keeping the best builders in the space.

Privacy as a Standard: Sets itself a part in the industry as a recruitment platform by embracing privacy.

“Finding talent is hard, but finding the right company is harder. By using COTI to keep rewards confidential, UCTalent allows enterprises to run external referral programs with total confidence. We enable companies to recruit faster and more effectively by instantly connecting them with thousands of freelance headhunters, ensuring every candidate is treated with privacy and every connection is rewarded securely.”

- Nguyễn Ngọc Dương (Django), Founder of UCTalent Labs

Get Started with UCTalent

Ready to explore what decentralized, privacy-powered recruitment looks like? Check out UCTalent and join the ecosystem:

Website: https://app.uctalent.io/

X/Twitter: @UCTalent_io

Telegram: @UCTalent_io

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

As AI systems grow more autonomous and begin interacting with decentralized networks, a critical challenge emerges: data privacy.

When AI agents operate independently and handle valuable on-chain tasks, every data point in their decision-making becomes a potential vulnerability. The blockchain industry has explored various approaches to privacy, but the performance, function and demands of autonomous AI agents require something fundamentally different.

Protecting the Minds of Autonomous Agents

Imagine thousands of AI agents managing tokens, executing contracts, and negotiating transactions across decentralized networks. Just like human financial managers safeguard their trade secrets, AI systems need mechanisms to protect their strategies, logic and sensitive financial data from exposure. Without privacy, any competitor or malicious actor could replicate or manipulate their behavior.

Traditional blockchains excel at transparency, but that very quality makes them ill-suited for autonomous agents that require confidentiality. The public visibility of blockchain transactions conflicts directly with the need for private computation and secure decision-making.

This is precisely the infrastructure gap that next-generation privacy solutions are built to address.

COTI: Privacy Infrastructure Built for Autonomous Intelligence

As an Ethereum Layer 2, COTI provides the performance profile that autonomous AI agents require: real-time decision-making with multi-party computation capabilities, without exposing sensitive data.

COTI’s Garbled Circuits is a cryptographic protocol that enables confidential computation at speeds up to 3,000x faster than fully homomorphic encryption and 250x lighter than alternative privacy solutions.

For developers building agentic systems, COTI’s GC EVM maintains full EVM compatibility, and COTI intends to bring its GC natively to Ethereum in the near future. With COTI GC, AI agents can be built and build smart contracts using familiar Solidity with privacy parameters that protect algorithmic logic while maintaining on-chain verification.

This combination addresses a fundamental requirement: AI autonomy without data exposure.

AI algorithms remain confidential while operating on-chain through Garbled Circuits technology

Sensitive data, such as model weights or proprietary strategies, stays encrypted during execution via multi-party computation

Developers can build autonomous agents that deliver both transparency and confidentiality with compliant privacy, not just anonymity

COTI has also released MCP agent tools designed specifically for agentic builders, recognizing that the intersection of AI autonomy and privacy-preserving infrastructure represents a critical use case for enterprise adoption.

A Vision for the AI-Powered Future

The convergence of AI autonomous agents and blockchain verification is no longer science fiction. Intelligent agents capable of acting independently in both digital and physical spaces, while maintaining the security and trust that decentralized systems demand.

What makes this moment significant is that the COTI infrastructure for private, autonomous agents, once theoretical, is now production-ready. The missing piece wasn’t just privacy. It was privacy at the speed and efficiency that real-world AI and on-chain agentic systems require.

With COTI’s Garbled Circuits implementation on Ethereum, the vision of private, self-governing AI agents is no longer theoretical. It’s the foundation of a future where intelligence and confidentiality operate as designed infrastructure, not competing priorities.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

DeFi was built on transparency. Every transaction, order, and position is visible to the world, forming the foundation for open and trustless financial systems.

Yet this openness is also DeFi’s greatest weakness. One that enables front running, miner extractable value (MEV), and a lack of confidentiality that keeps institutions on the sidelines.

The ‘Naked in the Mempool’ Problem

When users submit transactions to blockchains like Ethereum, they enter a waiting area called the mempool. Every pending transaction is visible to bots and miners who can reorder, front run, or sandwich trades for profit.

For everyday traders, this means strategies being exposed and worse execution prices. For institutions, it presents an impossible challenge: no bank, asset manager, or fund can safely execute trades, bids, or loans in a system where their strategies and account balances are visible to competitors and malicious actors before being confirmed.

The lack of transactional privacy has become a structural barrier to institutional-grade participation in DeFi.

How Privacy is Fixing DeFi’s Transparency Problem

The blockchain privacy landscape has evolved significantly, with several cryptographic approaches emerging to address on-chain confidentiality. Solutions like COTI introduce a privacy layer that brings confidentiality to smart contracts without compromising composability or trustlessness.

COTI GC enables data to be encrypted during computation, ensuring that transaction details remain private even as they are validated by the network.

Privacy-preserving DeFi applications now enable:

Sealed-bid auctions: Where orders remain hidden until execution, preventing front running.

Private arbitrage: Where the discovery and trading of price disparity happens privately and without being exposed to other agents and bots.

Private order books: For decentralized exchanges, allowing participants to trade discreetly.

Confidential lending pools: Protecting borrower data and position sizes.

Together, these innovations create the foundation for a new generation of DeFi protocols where market data is protected end-to-end. Traders gain fairness, and institutions gain the confidentiality required to participate safely at scale.

COTI GC & Confidential Computation

COTI takes a unique approach with Garbled Circuits, a cryptographic protocol that has existed theoretically since the 1980s but is now seeing its first-ever blockchain implementation.

This method is optimized for secure multi-party computation and delivers a distinct performance profile: up to 3,000x faster computation than FHE and 250x lighter weight.

This combination makes it particularly well-suited for performance-sensitive DeFi applications such as high-frequency decentralized exchanges, derivatives trading, and algorithmic market-making where milliseconds matter.

COTI’s Garbled Circuits: Built for Enterprise-Grade Private DeFi

As an Ethereum Layer 2, COTI combines the security of Ethereum’s infrastructure with the breakthrough performance of Garbled Circuits. Its gcEVM (Garbled Circuits Ethereum Virtual Machine) is fully EVM-compatible, meaning developers can build confidential DeFi applications using familiar Solidity code, simply adding privacy parameters where needed.

This architecture addresses a critical gap in the market: delivering both the speed required for real-time trading and the confidentiality demanded by institutional participants. COTI’s lightweight design runs on any device without requiring specialized hardware, while its multi-party computation capabilities enable complex financial workflows where multiple parties need to transact without exposing sensitive data to each other or the public.

For institutions evaluating DeFi participation, this means transaction flows that meet regulatory and operational requirements. For developers, it means building privacy-preserving applications without sacrificing the performance that makes DeFi competitive with traditional finance. COTI’s focus on compliant privacy, combining transparency where required with confidentiality where needed, positions it as infrastructure for the next wave of professional financial services moving on-chain.

Private DeFi: The Necessary Evolution

Private or Confidential DeFi isn’t just a technical upgrade. It’s a necessary evolution.

As the ecosystem matures with solutions like COTI bringing breakthrough cryptography to Ethereum, DeFi is transforming into a system capable of serving both retail traders seeking fair execution and institutions requiring enterprise-grade privacy.

The future of decentralized finance is confidential, performant, and finally ready for institutional scale.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

A new economy is emerging. It does not wait for human approval. It does not sleep. It does not negotiate in boardrooms or spend time in needless meetings. It simply executes.

By 2030, autonomous AI agents will create their own global machine-to-machine (M2M) economies. The projected scale is enormous and expected to reach over $10+ trillion in the next 5-years.

It’s predicted that agents will power more transactions than humans on-chain. As the world’s markets become tokenized and over $15 trillion in real-world assets move on-chain, it’ll be the agents that power the transactions, liquidity and revenues behind this new digital economy. They are trajectories documented by VanEck, a16z, and every major crypto fund placing bets right now.

The question is not whether agents will dominate this next era of digital economy. The question is whether the infrastructure exists to support them.

Privacy is not an optional feature for autonomous agents. It is the foundation. Privacy is the key for security, value creation, protection, and preservation.

Let’s explore this thesis in two parts. First, let’s examine the rise of autonomous agents and the critical importance of private computation. Second, we trace how these agents are moving on-chain, why on-chain privacy becomes essential, and how COTI is powering it.

Part One: Autonomous Agents and the Private Computation Problem

The Rise of Autonomous Agents

Platforms like OpenClaw, Claude Code, Codex and Manus are transforming AI models into autonomous agents capable of executing complex workflows and programming across Web3 and traditional business domains.

OpenClaw agents run with 100% local execution using your hardware plus API keys. No subscriptions. No data leaving your machine. OpenClaw agents can act autonomously by building new tools or leveraging the full-suite of AI tools available. On standard hardware like a Mac Mini, 100+ service connections operate simultaneously and continuously around the clock.

These new agents are not passive tools or a more intelligent search engine.

Agents are already:

Building desktop and mobile apps

Automating research & content writing

Trading autonomously on DeFi protocols

Negotiating services with other agents (AI-to-AI commerce)

Processing payments and managing sales

Monitoring social media for sentiment and trends

Running complex marketing campaigns across multiple channels

These are not just experiments. They are production systems managing real capital, businesses, and products — albeit in the very early stages.

The Autonomous Agent Market Opportunity

The autonomous agent economy represents a massive opportunity — projected to reach up to $10 trillion by 2030, and even $30 trillion by some estimates.

Autonomous agents will become leading economic actors, holding assets, transacting autonomously, and using blockchains for trust, ownership, and verification.

For platforms like OpenClaw, this translates to skill marketplaces where agents can be bought, sold, and entire teams or companies can be deployed in one-click. Opening the door for agent-to-agent commerce and companies.

The innovation happening in the autonomous agent ecosystem is open-source, distributed, and growing so quickly it’s nearly impossible to keep up.

AI Agent Confidential: The Privacy Problem

Critical Issue #1: Autonomous agents process sensitive data.

Humans are increasingly trusting AI Agents with the sensitive data, and the trend is only moving in one direction — increasingly using agents to manage our personal and professional lives.

Log-in credentials, passwords, credit card numbers, client names, emails, payment information, all being stored, used and managed by these agents. In many cases, leading to lost funds, exposed data, hacks and catastrophic outcomes.

Similarly, when on-chain agents manage wallets and do automated trading, they can handle sensitive private keys and significant amounts of value.

Critical Issue #2: Agent actions, decisions & IP can be exposed.

Agents that manage your business, build products, act as your marketer, all have access to sensitive data and information — that is at risk of being exposed.

When an automated trading agent executes trades on exchanges or predication markets, it reveals your positions and strategy.

Without privacy, every agent action exposes:

Sensitive financial and risk of loss of funds

Company IP & trade secrets

Strategy and decision-making logic

Proprietary algorithms and code bases

Customer and partner relationship information

Financial positions and trading intentions

And the list goes on…

Critical Issue #3: Existential Risk to Enterprises

For enterprises deploying agents, this is existential. A trading firm cannot deploy an agent that reveals its positions. A healthcare company cannot use an agent that exposes patient data.

Billions of dollars in value, tech, trade secrets, and competitive edge cannot be put at risk due to the sake of automation. The autonomous agent privacy problem is not theoretical. It is already limiting enterprise adoption. It’s a bottleneck in growth.

The Private Computation Solution

Private computation allows agents to execute on sensitive data without exposing that data. The inputs are encrypted, the computation happens on encrypted values, and only the final result is revealed.

For autonomous agents, this means:

An agent can can on sensitive data without having knowledge of the data itself

An agent can perform automated-trades without revealing positions

An agent can coordinate across tools without exposing internal communications

An agent can process customer data without violating privacy regulations

An agent can handle sensitive financial data and even process transactions without having access to the credentials

Several approaches to confidential computation exist, but only one is production-ready for complex operations at scale.

COTI Garbled Circuits represent the breakthrough. Instead of encrypting the entire computation, Garbled Circuits encrypt specific functions at setup, then execute at speed. The results:

Up to 3,000x faster throughput than Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE)

250x lighter computational weight

Full EVM & multi-chain compatibility

Support for any operation, not just simple transfers

Garbled Circuits are the only production-ready solution for the demands of autonomous agents.

Part Two: On-Chain Agents and the COTI Solution

The Rise of On-Chain Agents & the Market Opportunity

Autonomous agents are moving on-chain. Agents are already trading perpetuals and futures contracts, optimizing arbitrage opportunities, and even trading the weather on prediction markets. Projects are racing to crack the code on turning agents into automated-money printers.

Agents and their builders are already choosing crypto and blockchain for their native rails — for the speed, cost-efficiency and 24/7 availability to match their always online nature.

Here is what it looks like in the numbers:

AI agents are expected to hit over 50% of institutional crypto trading volume

$10-billion projected in crypto AI revenues

$16 trillion in tokenized assets by 2030

$10+ trillion agent economy deploying on-chain

Every one of these operations currently happens on transparent blockchains. Every strategy, every position, every decision is visible to anyone watching the mempool.

The On-Chain Agent Privacy Problem

Public blockchains were built for human accountability. Every transaction, every address, every interaction is visible on-chain. This design choice enabled trustless verification, but it creates a fundamental incompatibility with autonomous agents.

When an on-chain agent broadcasts a trade, it reveals its decision tree. The inputs. The thresholds. The expected outcomes. A competing agent observing can copy the trade and front-run it. The more valuable the strategy, the faster it gets extracted.

This is not a hypothetical concern. Agents are already tracking agents, and near-instanteously applying their learnings into strategies.

For enterprises, on-chain agents pose an existential problem:

Enterprises can’t use agents that reveal wallet information and balances

Funds cannot reveal positions to competitors

A corporate agent cannot expose vendor relationships

An institutional agent cannot broadcast its strategy to the market

Without on-chain privacy, the agent economy remains throttled.

The COTI Solution for High-Performance On-Chain Agents

COTI delivers the solution: production-ready, high-performance confidential computation for on-chain agent transactions.

Highly-scalable and cost effective privacy preserving transactions, capable of processing billions of transactions for agents around the clock. Giving agents, as well as the user, and enterprises that use them, a secure way to scale on-chain.

What this means:

For builders, this means DeFi protocols that agents can use without strategy leakage.

Trading infrastructure that protects profitable strategies.

Enterprise platforms that institutions can trust.

RWA infrastructure that meets regulatory requirements.

Cross-chain liquidity that operates confidentially.

COTI Garbled Circuits are the only cryptographic protocol that enables secure multi-party computation and private transactions capable of servicing the agent economy.

Live Proof Points

Bancor Arb Fast Lane: Integrated COTI’s Garbled Circuits to encrypt execution thresholds, protecting arbitrage strategies from front-running.

PriveX Perpetual DEX: AI agents driving a total of $20 billion in volume, demonstrating real demand for agent-powered trading.

Zoniqx Partnership: Privacy-enabled RWA tokenization for enterprises. The $30 trillion RWA market only moves on-chain only when confidentiality is guaranteed.

StaTwig Partnership: Vaccine supply chain tracking with privacy. Over 10 million blockchain transactions processed, with sensitive medical data never exposed, costing a total of $5 in COTI tokens.

The Vision: An Agent Economy Powered by Privacy

The year is 2030. Autonomous agents manage corporate treasuries worth billions. Millions of entrepreneurs are running solo businesses powered by agentic companies. Trillions of dollars flow through agents each year in a secure and reliable way.

These agents transact in TradFi rails and on-chain, with private computation protecting sensitive logic at every step. The off-chain agent protects enterprise data. The on-chain agent protects private keys, trading and transaction flows. Regulators verify compliance through selective disclosure without exposing proprietary information.

Every transaction is confidential by design. Instilled with confidence that sensitive data remains protected. Most importantly, the builders who usher in this private new agent economy will reap the rewards.

Build the Private Agent Economy

The privacy layer for agents is being built now. Here is where to start:

For developers building agent platforms: Integrate confidential computation into your agent framework.

For DeFi protocols: Enable private agent interactions. Your lending pools, your DEXes, your yield optimizers all become more valuable when agents can operate without exposing strategies.

For enterprises: Explore private agent deployment for treasury management, cross-border payments, and RWA operations.

The agents have arrived. The question is whether they will operate in a transparent goldfish bowl or in a confidential environment where data is protected and they can maintain a competitive advantage.

The thesis is clear. The future of agents is confidential.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains, delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

COTI is excited to announce its partnership with Xctuality, a Singapore-based startup that is building a Web3-powered digital textbook platform combining NFT ownership with secure, encrypted content access.

By leveraging COTI’s confidential compute infrastructure, Xctuality is building a next-generation Digital Rights Management (DRM) engine that keeps content secure, traceable, and privacy-first — without compromising the benefits of true digital ownership.

With Xctuality’s textbook platform now fully developed and a university professor ready to launch it with student cohorts, this collaboration marks a significant step toward bringing privacy-preserving blockchain technology into the world of digital education.

What Is Xctuality?

Xctuality is building an NFT eBookstore Platform — a Web3-powered digital textbook marketplace where students purchase textbooks as NFTs through a seamless custodial wallet experience. Behind the scenes, encrypted PDFs remain protected behind a privacy-first DRM system, ensuring that publishers’ intellectual property stays secure while students enjoy genuine digital asset ownership.

The platform was purposefully engineered to solve a longstanding challenge in digital publishing: how to grant true ownership of digital content while preventing unauthorized duplication or redistribution. With Xctuality, the answer lies in combining blockchain-based NFT ownership with COTI’s confidential compute layer to create a secure, scalable model for gated content distribution.

How Does the COTI-Xctuality Integration Work?

At the core of this partnership is COTI’s role as the confidential execution layer for Xctuality’s DRM engine. Each time a student opens a textbook, the reader app performs a COTI-verified ownership check that triggers lightweight confidential compute transactions on the COTI network.

Xctuality’s session-based DRM then unlocks using COTI’s confidential compute to protect AES encryption keys — ensuring that decryption occurs strictly in memory and textbooks are never exposed in plaintext on user devices.

Using COTI’s privacy-centric infrastructure, access rights to content are securely managed and released only to verified rights holders. This architecture ensures that sensitive Rights Management keys are never exposed publicly on-chain, and that confidential logic guarantees only verified content owners can retrieve session-based access.

The privacy-first key storage system, powered by COTI, delivers:

Encrypted access secured via COTI’s privacy infrastructure

Verified token ownership per sessions

Sensitive Rights Management keys never exposed publicly on-chain

Confidential logic ensuring only verified content owners can retrieve session-based access

Key chain-of-custody architecture that prevents unauthorized duplication or redistribution

With COTI handling the confidential execution layer, Xctuality can focus on building flexible, upgradeable infrastructure, including resilient protections for high-value content.

Practical Privacy for an Educational Real-World Use Case

Digital rights management has long been a friction point in the content industry. Traditional DRM systems are centralized, opaque, and often full of friction in the user experience. Xctuality’s approach flips this model by using blockchain-based ownership and COTI’s privacy technology to create a system where ownership is genuine, content is protected, and the user experience is seamless.

This collaboration demonstrates how COTI’s programmable privacy can extend beyond DeFi and governance into real-world content distribution. By serving as the confidential compute backbone for Xctuality’s platform, COTI is proving that privacy technology isn’t just about shielding financial transactions — it’s about enabling entirely new business models for digital content, intellectual property, and beyond.

What Xctuality is building goes beyond digital textbooks. As co-founder and CEO Warren Woon puts it, this is about how a COTI-powered, blockchain-driven DRM engine can empower content mediums that maintain privacy while harnessing value creation.

“With COTI handling the confidential execution layer, we can focus on building flexible, upgradeable infrastructure — including forward-looking quantum-resilient protections for high-value content.”

- Adrian Oliveiro, Co-Founder & CTO, Xctuality

Where Can I Learn More?

To learn more about Xctuality and its COTI-powered DRM platform, visit xctuality.com, and follow the project on LinkedIn and Instagram.

Stay COTI!

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

$21 billion. That’s what just four data broker breaches have cost American consumers in identity theft losses, according to a report released last week by the U.S. Congressional Joint Economic Committee.

Hundreds of millions of people exposed. Sensitive financial data harvested, sold, and leaked by companies most people have never heard of. And the proposed solution? Easier opt-out buttons.

This is not a technology failure. It is a design failure. The entire Web2 data model is built on centralized aggregation, where companies collect, store, and monetize your personal information in massive honeypots that are irresistible targets for hackers and criminal syndicates.

The real fix is not better opt-out pages. It is a fundamentally different architecture, one where users control their own data and privacy is built in at the protocol level.

That architecture exists today. And COTI is building it.

What Congress Found

The Joint Economic Committee report, led by Senator Maggie Hassan, examined four major data broker breaches over the past decade:

Equifax (2017): 147 million people exposed

Exactis (2018): 230 million people exposed

National Public Data (2023): 270 million people exposed

TransUnion (2025): 4.4 million people exposed

The committee estimated that roughly 30% of breach victims experience identity theft, with a median financial loss of around $200 per victim. That adds up to $20.9 billion in total consumer losses from just these four incidents alone.

These are not edge cases. These are the largest data aggregators in the world, and they failed to protect the most basic personal information of hundreds of millions of people.

The Web2 Data Model is Broken

Data brokers operate on a simple premise: collect as much personal data as possible, then sell it. Names, addresses, financial records, browsing habits, and health information are all gathered, packaged, and traded between companies that most consumers never interact with directly.

This model creates massive centralized databases that become high-value targets. When one of these honeypots is breached, the damage is catastrophic and irreversible. You can change a password. You cannot change your Social Security number, your date of birth, or your financial history.

The Congressional report highlights that even after these breaches, the proposed remedies are limited to making opt-out mechanisms easier to find. That is the equivalent of putting a better lock on a house that has already burned down. The fundamental problem remains: centralized data aggregation creates systemic risk, and users have no meaningful control over how their information is collected, stored, or sold.

There is currently no comprehensive federal law in the United States that adequately regulates the data broker industry. Without structural change, these breaches will continue.

The Web3 Alternative: User-Controlled Privacy

Web3 offers a fundamentally different approach. Instead of handing your data to centralized intermediaries and hoping they protect it, decentralized systems allow users to control what they share, with whom, and under what conditions.

This is not a theoretical concept. Decentralized identity, confidential computing, and programmable privacy are live today and solving the exact problems that Congress is now scrambling to address.

With on-chain privacy, there is no centralized database to breach. There is no honeypot of personal information waiting to be stolen. Users prove what needs to be proven, such as eligibility, identity, or creditworthiness, without exposing the underlying data. The attack surface shrinks dramatically because the data simply is not aggregated in one place.

This is the shift from “collect everything, protect nothing” to “reveal only what is necessary.”

Where COTI Fits In

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3, powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits that enable fast, low-cost, and flexible confidential computation on-chain.

What makes COTI’s approach directly relevant to the data broker problem is that it provides selective, programmable privacy. This is not about hiding everything. It is about giving users and applications precise control over what data is revealed, to whom, and when.

Consider the use cases that the data broker industry currently serves, poorly, and how on-chain privacy solves them:

Identity Verification: Instead of storing copies of your ID with every service provider, decentralized identity systems built on COTI can allow users to prove who they are without exposing the underlying personal data. No copies means no copies to steal.

Financial Data: Institutions need to verify creditworthiness, transaction history, and compliance status. COTI’s Garbled Circuits enable this verification to happen on encrypted data, so sensitive financial records never need to be exposed in plaintext on a public ledger or stored in a centralized database.

Healthcare and Supply Chain: COTI is already working with partners like StaTwig to enable privacy-preserving processing of sensitive health supply chain data, such as temperature monitoring for vaccines, without ever decrypting the raw data into plaintext.

Regulated Asset Workflows: Through partnerships like Zoniqx, COTI is enabling privacy-preserving tokenization of real-world assets, ensuring that sensitive financial data tied to bonds, real estate, and private credit can move on-chain without being exposed.

In each of these cases, the underlying principle is the same: sensitive data is processed and verified without being collected, stored, or exposed by a centralized third party. This is the exact opposite of how data brokers operate today.

Privacy is Infrastructure, Not a Feature

The $21 billion price tag from this Congressional report is just the measurable cost of four breaches. The real cost, in lost trust, surveillance risk, and eroded personal sovereignty, is far higher.

Opt-out buttons and regulatory patches treat symptoms. They do not change the underlying architecture that makes breaches inevitable. As long as massive volumes of personal data are stored in centralized systems, those systems will be targeted, and they will fail.

The path forward requires building systems where privacy is not optional but foundational. Where users own and control their data by default. Where verification happens without exposure.

That is exactly what COTI is building. Privacy that is programmable, scalable, and compliant. Not as an afterthought, but as core infrastructure for the next generation of applications in DeFi, identity, payments, governance, and beyond.

The $21 billion question is not whether we need on-chain privacy. It is how fast we can build it.

About COTI:

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

COTI Earn: https://earn.coti.io/earn

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

Ethereum’s founder just put Garbled Circuits on the map as essential privacy tech for Web3’s next chapter.

For COTI, this isn’t a new signal. It’s validation. We’ve already brought Garbled Circuits to production on Ethereum as a Layer 2, and we’ve been shipping real-world use cases with them ever since.

Here’s what Vitalik said, why Garbled Circuits matter, and what COTI has already built with privacy using Garbled Circuits.

Vitalik’s Call for Privacy That Actually Works

In a recent exchange about privacy and decentralization, Buterin emphasized the necessity for multi-party computation (MPC) solutions. These tools allow users to benefit from blockchain transparency while preserving confidentiality where it counts.

Among those tools, Garbled Circuits stand out. They enable encrypted data to be computed collaboratively, ensuring that no party gains access to another’s private inputs.

This isn’t the first time Buterin has pointed in this direction. At ETH Tokyo in 2025, he stated publicly: “Garbled circuits are just much faster than more complicated forms of MPC… there are lots of use cases where it’s valuable.”

More recently, Buterin published a detailed vision for AI-powered decentralized governance where he specifically called out Garbled Circuits as the path to pure-cryptographic security guarantees for multi-party computation. He wrote: “I would love to see at least the two-party case solved with garbled circuits so we can get pure-cryptographic security guarantees.”

That’s precisely the foundation COTI has built its entire privacy infrastructure on.

What Are Garbled Circuits?

Garbled Circuits allow multiple participants to jointly compute a result on encrypted data without revealing their individual inputs. The computation is represented as an encrypted circuit, where each gate and connection transfers only obfuscated information. The result is verifiable and confidential at the same time.

This solves one of blockchain’s fundamental privacy challenges: how do you process sensitive data on a transparent ledger without exposing it?

The cryptographic technique has existed in theory since the 1980s. COTI became the first blockchain network to deploy it in production.

How Garbled Circuits Stack Up

The blockchain privacy landscape includes several approaches. Each addresses specific use cases, but the trade-offs matter more than ever in 2026.

Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proofs have brought important privacy advancements to Ethereum, enabling one party to prove knowledge of information without revealing the data itself. However, ZK is primarily designed for proof verification rather than multi-party computation scenarios.

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) has opened new possibilities for encrypted computation. However, it remains highly resource-intensive, limiting its applicability for real-time blockchain environments that need speed and accessibility.

Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) offer hardware-based isolation, but have faced repeated vulnerabilities that weakened confidence in their use as a foundation for trustless systems.

Garbled Circuits sit in the sweet spot: fast enough for real-time DeFi, lightweight enough for IoT and supply chain data, compliant enough for institutional requirements, and fully EVM-compatible.

COTI’s implementation delivers up to 3,000x faster computation than FHE and runs 250x lighter, making privacy-preserving computation practical for enterprise applications and accessible on any device.

COTI GC EVM: From Theory to Production

COTI’s V2 mainnet launched in March 2025 with the first on-chain implementation of Garbled Circuits, making it the first fully programmable privacy layer for Ethereum to hit the market.

Built in partnership with Soda Labs, the gcEVM is the world’s first production-ready Garbled Circuits implementation for on-chain confidentiality. It offers full EVM compatibility. Developers can write confidential smart contracts in Solidity using familiar tools like Hardhat, simply adding privacy parameters to unlock multi-party computation capabilities.

And unlike projects still in testnet, COTI has spent the past year proving it works. Across multiple sectors. At scale.

In Production: DeFi

On-chain arbitrage is one of the most competitive arenas in DeFi. Finding opportunities is only half the battle. On public blockchains, the transparency that makes decentralization possible also makes strategies visible. Competing bots can observe, copy, and front-run trades before they execute.

Bancor’s Arb Fast Lane has integrated COTI’s Garbled Circuits to solve exactly this problem. By encrypting sensitive execution inputs at the protocol level, traders can protect their strategies without hiding the entire transaction. Thresholds are encrypted before broadcast. The smart contract still enforces them during execution. But the values are never exposed in plaintext to competing bots or the broader network.

This is selective encryption applied at the exact point where transparency becomes a liability. It shifts the competition back to where it belongs: discovery and execution efficiency, rather than simple observation-based extraction.

It’s the first live example of Garbled Circuits powering private DeFi execution on-chain. And it’s just the beginning.

In Production: Healthcare

Perhaps the most striking validation came from an entirely different sector.

In partnership with StaTwig, the global supply chain company behind VaccineLedger (a UN-recognized Digital Public Good and winner of The Trinity Challenge), COTI completed a landmark pilot in Bangladesh under the national Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).

The numbers speak for themselves:

10 million+ blockchain transactions processed in one month

Zero sensitive data exposed. All sensor data encrypted at the application level before touching the blockchain

Total cost: ~400 COTI tokens (~$5 USD) for the entire pilot

Validated by Bangladesh’s public health officials under the Directorate General of Health Services

The system monitored vaccine cold chains in real time using IoT sensors on refrigerators, freezers, and cold rooms. COTI’s Garbled Circuit logic evaluated alert conditions (temperature breaches, humidity anomalies, equipment failures) directly on encrypted data, without ever decrypting it into plaintext.

Privacy-preserving blockchain running at national scale, in a live government health program, processing 10 million transactions for less than the cost of a cup of coffee. That’s not a proof of concept. It’s a proof of economics.

In Production: Enterprise and Institutions

COTI’s institutional traction extends well beyond a single pilot.

EEA Privacy Working Group: COTI officially joined the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance Privacy Working Group alongside the Ethereum Foundation, Consensys (Linea), EY (Nightfall), Polygon, and others. Together, they’re shaping the privacy standards that will drive real-world adoption, and COTI is at the table.

RWA Tokenization: The partnership with Zoniqx, the Silicon Valley fintech leader in institutional-grade RWA tokenization, is designed to bring the world’s first privacy-enabled real-world assets on-chain. COTI’s Garbled Circuits are being embedded directly into Zoniqx’s platform for confidential issuance, encrypted transfers, and selective disclosure that meets MiCA and SEC requirements.

Hardware-Level Privacy: United Network became the first hardware wallet to integrate COTI’s privacy infrastructure, enabling confidential transactions with a physical card tap. Private keys stored locally, zero server-side backups.

Each of these is a milestone. Together, they form a pattern: COTI isn’t pitching privacy to institutions. Institutions are pulling COTI into their infrastructure.

In Production: The Builders

The final validation is perhaps the most forward-looking.

If anyone can build an app with AI tools, the platform they build on becomes the differentiator. And if that platform offers programmable privacy by default, you unlock an entirely new class of builders and applications.

COTI has launched the COTI Vibe Code Challenge: a 30-day campaign where anyone can build an app or game, mint a privacy token, and ship a real Web3 product on COTI Network. This campaign provides AI-powered tools, prompt packs, live coding sessions, and the opportunity to launch as a real project on COTI.

This is the thesis coming full circle. COTI built the privacy infrastructure. Proved it works in DeFi, healthcare, and enterprise. And now it’s opening the door to anyone with an idea.

About COTI

COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits, COTI brings fast, low-cost, flexible, and compliant privacy to any blockchain. With privacy that’s programmable by design, COTI enables the next generation of DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI.

For all of our updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/

COTI Earn: https://earn.coti.io/earn

X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA

Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork

Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT

GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io

A COTI OG community member built a fully self-custodial trading bot inside Telegram — with privacy tokens, encrypted chat, and biometric security. Here’s how it works. One of the most exciting things about building a public blockchain is watching your community build on it. Today, we’re spotlighting CipherTrade — a fully self-custodial Telegram wallet & trading bot built by @iamsstef.

CipherTrade isn’t just another wallet. It’s a complete trading, privacy, and messaging experience that lives entirely inside Telegram — and it never touches your private keys.

<a href="https://medium.com/media/9302efeff1203e8785b9f27f8409bbcc/href">https://medium.com/media/9302efeff1203e8785b9f27f8409bbcc/href</a>Why CipherTrade Matters

Most Telegram trading bots require you to hand over your private keys or trust a server with your funds. CipherTrade takes a fundamentally different approach: your wallet is derived entirely on your device, your keys never leave your phone, and the server only ever sees your public address.

This is true self-custody — a similar security model to MetaMask or a brainwallet, but wrapped in the convenience of a Telegram Mini App.

What You Can Do with CipherTrade

💰Full Wallet Management Create or restore your wallet, view balances (public + private tokens), receive via QR code, and manage multiple token types.

🔄Token Swaps via Carbon DeFi Swap tokens directly inside Telegram with slippage protection, powered by Carbon DeFi’s on-chain routing.

<a href="https://medium.com/media/a0326fd156e76e04a511b03ff00830bd/href">https://medium.com/media/a0326fd156e76e04a511b03ff00830bd/href</a>

🔒Private Token Support View and manage COTI privacy tokens. Private balances are decrypted locally on your device — the server never sees them.

📨Encrypted On-Chain Chat Send encrypted messages using COTI’s Garbled Circuits technology. Messages are encrypted on your device and stored on-chain — no server can read them.

<a href="https://medium.com/media/36be192b0fd9598e843c42be398c9137/href">https://medium.com/media/36be192b0fd9598e843c42be398c9137/href</a>

👤Social Sends Send tokens to Telegram contacts using @username (opt-in) or saved nicknames. No more copy-pasting long addresses.

🔑Biometric Security Unlock your wallet with Face ID or fingerprint. PIN protection and BIP-39 recovery phrase for full backup compatibility.

📝Private Memos Attach encrypted memos to transactions using COTI’s Garbled Circuits (MemoGC contract). The memo never leaves your device unencrypted.

<a href="https://medium.com/media/9079d6e5607b1da2cf3624d60fef0906/href">https://medium.com/media/9079d6e5607b1da2cf3624d60fef0906/href</a>Open Source Smart Contracts

CipherTrade’s privacy features are powered by two open-source Solidity smart contracts, both available on GitHub:

MemoGC Contract — Enables encrypted on-chain memos attached to transactions using COTI’s Garbled Circuits. The memo is encrypted client-side before being submitted to the contract.

ChatGC Contract — Powers the encrypted on-chain chat feature. Messages are encrypted locally using GC, then stored immutably on-chain. Only the sender and recipient can decrypt them.

Both contracts are publicly available at github.com/CipherTrade-Wallet - a testament to the project’s commitment to transparency and verifiability.

How the Security Works

CipherTrade’s architecture is built on a simple principle: the server should know as little about you as possible. Here’s what that looks like in practice:

Wallet Creation
When you set up CipherTrade, your wallet is derived on your device using your password and Telegram ID. The process uses PBKDF2 with 100,000 iterations to generate a standard BIP-39 12-word recovery phrase — the same format used by MetaMask and most hardware wallets. Same inputs always produce the same wallet, so you can restore on any device.

Encryption
All sensitive data is encrypted with AES-256-GCM (the same standard used by banks and governments) before being stored on your device. Your password is never stored in plaintext anywhere. An optional 5-digit PIN can be set for quick access, which wraps your password using Telegram’s secure storage.

Privacy Tokens
COTI privacy token balances are decrypted entirely on your device. The AES key for privacy operations is generated on-chain once, then cached locally in encrypted form. The server never sees your private balances or decryption keys.

Who Has Access to What

DATA POINT WHO HAS ACCESS
-------------------------------------------------------
Private key / Mnemonic 🔒 Only you (client-side)
Password 🔒 Only you (never stored plain)
PIN-wrapped password 🔒 You + your device only
Wallet address 🌐 You + server (public)
Private token balances 🔒 Only you (decrypted locally)
Transaction history 🔒 Only you (client-side)
Encrypted chat messages 🔒 Only sender & recipient

Recovery & Compatibility

CipherTrade generates a standard BIP-39 12-word recovery phrase. This means your wallet is fully compatible with MetaMask and other Ethereum-compatible wallets. You can reveal your recovery phrase at any time in settings (password required), and restore your wallet on any device by simply logging in with the same password.

Built by the Community, for the Community

CipherTrade was built by @iamsstef, a long-time COTI community member who saw an opportunity to make COTI V2’s privacy features accessible to everyone — directly inside the app millions already use daily. From wallet creation to encrypted on-chain chat, every feature was designed with one goal: making privacy easy without sacrificing security.

A desktop beta version has also been developed by community member Laurentiu, extending CipherTrade’s reach beyond mobile.

CipherTrade by the Numbers

Since launch, the community has already put CipherTrade to work: 57 users have created 62 wallets, executing nearly 1,500 transactions - including 1,288 sends and 209 token swaps. For a community-built tool, that’s real usage, not just a proof of concept.

Try CipherTrade

Ready to experience true self-custody inside Telegram?

Visit the CipherTrade website: ciphertrade.org

Open CipherTrade on Telegram: t.me/Ciphertrade_bot

Set a strong password and you’re in — your wallet is created instantly

Enable username discoverability to receive tokens from friends

Explore the open-source contracts: github.com/CipherTrade-Wallet

Have feedback or questions? @iamsstef is building in public - reach out to him on Telegram or join the COTI community channels to share your experience.

Disclaimer: CipherTrade is an independent project built by a COTI community member. It is not developed, maintained, or audited by COTI. Always safeguard your recovery phrase and exercise caution when interacting with any third-party application.

About COTI:
COTI is the programmable privacy layer for Web3. Powered by high-performance Garbled Circuits (GC), COTI enables encrypted computation on public blockchains — delivering fast, low-cost, and compliant privacy for DeFi, payments, identity, governance, and AI applications.

For COTI updates and to join the conversation, be sure to check out our channels:

Website: https://coti.io/
X: https://twitter.com/COTInetwork
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl-2YzhaPnouvBtotKuM4DA
Telegram: https://t.me/COTInetwork
Discord: https://discord.gg/9tq6CP6XrT
GitHub: https://github.com/coti-io