Here are the *Top 10 cryptocurrencies by market cap* as of late April 2026: Rank Name Symbol Market Cap Price (USD) Category 1 Bitcoin BTC ~$1.55T ~$78,100 Store of Value / Digital Gold 2 Ethereum ETH ~$233B | ~$2,324 Smart Contract Platform 3 Tether USDT ~$184B | ~$1.00 Stablecoin 4 BNB BNB ~$91B | ~$630 Exchange / Ecosystem Token 5 XRP XRP ~$87B | ~$1.43 Cross-Border Payments 6 USD Coin USDC ~$79B | ~$1.00 Stablecoin 7 Solana SOL ~$52B | ~$86 High-Performance Blockchain 8 TRON TRX ~$27B | ~$0.29 DeFi / Stablecoin Settlement 9 Dogecoin DOGE ~$15.3B ~$0.106 Meme Coin / Payments 10 Cardano ADA ~$13B | ~$0.33 Proof-of-Stake Smart Contracts *Key Trends Right Now* - *Bitcoin dominance*: BTC holds ∼60.6% of total crypto market cap, which sits around *$2.59T*. Capital is still heavily concentrated in BTC vs altcoins - *Stablecoins growing*: USDT and USDC combined are worth ∼$263B, showing stablecoins are now core infrastructure for payments and sanctions-proof transfers - *ETF impact*: Spot ETFs for BTC, ETH, SOL, and XRP have pulled in massive institutional capital since 2025, with Bitcoin ETFs alone at $102.79B AUM 095977b5c9c8
*What’s Changed vs 2025* - *TRON* climbed into the top 8 thanks to USDT settlement volume on its chain - *Cardano* re-entered top 10 after renewed DeFi activity and staking growth - *Meme coins* like DOGE are holding steady in top 10 due to whale accumulation and retail interest, even without major catalysts
*Note*: Prices move fast. BTC is up ∼16% in April and trading near $78K, while ETH is around $2,323. The whole list shifts daily with volatility.
Want me to break down the top 10 by 24h gainers or by trading volume instead?
DOGE is currently stuck in a *tight consolidation phase* just below the key $0.10 resistance, with whales quietly accumulating for a potential breakout.
*Price Snapshot* - *Price*: ∼$0.1065 USD / ~₹9.64 INR, up ∼8% in the last 24h and ∼5% over the past week - *Market Cap*: ∼$15.3B, holding as the #9 crypto by market cap - *Range*: Trading between *$0.095–$0.104* for the last few weeks after falling ∼60% from October 2025 highs 33c87e28
*Technical Picture* *Resistance wall at $0.10–$0.1018* - This level has rejected DOGE at least 5 times since mid-April. It’s a downward trendline connecting Jan 6 and April 17 highs - A daily close above *$0.1028* would confirm a double-bottom breakout and target ∼$0.126, ∼25% higher 7e285af7ccdf
*Support levels*: $0.0958 [50-day EMA] is now acting as near-term support. Below that, $0.090 is the next floor. 7e28
*Momentum*: RSI is ∼56-61 on the daily — bullish but not overbought. MACD is just above the signal line, showing positive but weak momentum. 7e2816fa
*On-Chain & Derivatives Data* - *Whale accumulation*: Wallet count holding 1M+ DOGE rose to *4,920*, up from 4,872 in January. Over *500M DOGE* has been withdrawn from exchanges like Robinhood to self-custody since late March — a sign of long-term holding, not day trading - *Open Interest*: DOGE futures OI hit *$1.37B*, up ∼3% in 24h and near a 3-month high. Binance alone added $100M in OI last week - *Smart money bias*: 74% of top traders are positioned long despite flat price action — classic divergence that often precedes a breakout 7e28ccdfc0a2
*The Catch* Spot flows tell a different story. In the last 12 hours, DOGE saw *$22.87M in spot outflows vs $21.93M inflows*, a 253% decline in spot volume. That means the recent 6% price pump is mostly driven by derivatives leverage, not real buying demand. If derivative positions unwind, DOGE could see a sharp pullback. 05c2
*What’s Next* - *Bullish scenario*: Break and hold above $0.1018 with volume → target $0.1172, then $0.15–$0.25 - *Bearish scenario*: Reject at $0.10 again → retest $0.090 cluster, possibly $0.087 if selling pressure returns 7e28ccdf
*Bottom line*: DOGE is in a classic “bear trap” setup. Price rallied 6% while $14M+ in long positions were liquidated, confusing bears and creating compression. The next 72 hours are critical for a directional move. 00c4
Want me to compare DOGE vs SHIB momentum or look at the weekly chart structure?
#us #iran #news U.S. President Donald Trump has engaged in discussions with oil companies regarding plans to extend the blockade on Iran for several months if necessary. According to Odaily, a White House official confirmed these talks, highlighting the administration's approach to handling the situation with Iran.
#FEARANDGREEDINDEX The *Bitcoin Fear & Greed Index is currently around 58–62*, which puts it in *“Greed” territory* — not yet “Extreme Greed” but definitely leaning bullish.
*What that means* - *Scale*: 0 = Extreme Fear, 100 = Extreme Greed. 50 is neutral - *58–62 range*: Investors are optimistic but not euphoric yet. It reflects confidence from the 30% rally since April’s $66K lows, plus steady ETF inflows and corporate accumulation - *Context*: This is a big shift from earlier this year when the index crashed to *10 “Extreme Fear”* in Nov 2025 during the $95K dip and tariff fears 45bb
*Why it’s in Greed now* - *ETF inflows*: 9-day streak with $2.12B total inflows, led by BlackRock’s IBIT - *Technical momentum*: BTC holding above 50-day and 100-day EMAs, RSI ∼60-66 — bullish without being overbought - *Short covering*: Negative funding rates on perpetual futures are forcing shorts to close positions, adding buying pressure
*How it’s calculated* http://Alternative.me’s index blends 5 factors: - *Volatility* 25% — compares current vs 30/90-day drawdowns - *Market volume/momentum* 25% — trading volume vs averages - *Social media* 15% — hashtags, mentions vs historical averages - *Surveys* 15% — weekly sentiment polls - *Bitcoin dominance + Google trends* 20% ec16
*What to watch* Historically, *Extreme Greed >75* often marks short-term tops, while *Extreme Fear <25* aligns with local bottoms. At 58-62, we’re in the “sweet spot” where trend is up but there’s still room for FOMO to kick in if BTC breaks $80K. a954
Right now the market feels cautious-optimistic — traders are watching $80K resistance closely. A break above it could push the index toward 70+. A rejection might pull it back to 45-50 “Neutral”.
Want me to pull the exact http://Alternative.me number for today or compare it to previous cycle tops?
*1. BTC Hits 12-Week High, Stalls Near $80K* Bitcoin climbed to *$79,399* overnight — its highest level since Jan 31 — before pulling back to ∼$77,800. It’s now consolidating in the *$77K–$78K range* after a 30% rally from April’s $66,650 low. The $80K level is acting as a heavy resistance wall with sell orders piling up from buyers near breakeven. d3bcf647
*2. Institutional Flows Driving the Rally* The move is backed by real capital, not just retail FOMO: - *ETF inflows*: Spot Bitcoin ETFs saw a *9-day inflow streak totaling $2.12B*. BlackRock’s IBIT led with $167M yesterday alone. Total ETF AUM is now *$102.79B* - *Strategy accumulation*: Michael Saylor’s Strategy bought *$3.9B worth of BTC* this month — its largest monthly purchase in a year - *Stablecoin liquidity*: USDT supply jumped *$5B in two weeks* to nearly $150B, signaling fresh capital waiting on the sidelines 9495 d3bc5ecca4da
*3. Macro & Geopolitics in Play* Bitcoin’s rise closely tracked optimism around a potential *US-Iran deal* to reopen the Strait of Hormuz. Asian equities rallied and risk sentiment improved, with BTC moving in tandem before reversing. But analysts warn that if US-Iran peace talks collapse, it could reprice risk assets broadly. d3bc7f29
*4. Technical Setup: Breakout or Rejection?* - *Bullish case*: BTC holds above the 50-day EMA at ∼$72,807 and 100-day EMA at ∼$75,513, with RSI at ∼61 and MACD still positive. A daily close above $80K could open $82.3K–$83.4K - *Bearish risk*: $80K is a psychological ceiling with concentrated sell orders. If BTC fails here and drops below $75,680 support, a pullback to $74,487 or $72,807 is likely fde51f33a4da
*5. Other BTC Headlines* - *Quantum concern*: Researchers broke a 15-bit elliptic curve key in a “largest quantum attack” and won 1 BTC bounty from Project Eleven. Experts say the threat to Bitcoin’s encryption is still manageable - *US military*: The Pentagon is running a Bitcoin node to test national security applications vs China - *Price forecasts*: Bitwise sees BTC hitting *$1.3M by 2035*, while Arthur Hayes predicts *$145K by end of 2026* 16835139af1c
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*The vibe right now:* Bullish but cautious. Institutional demand and ETF flows are providing a strong base, but BTC needs to clear $80K with volume to confirm the next leg up. If it fails, expect a retest of $75.5K.
Want a breakdown of how the FOMC meeting this week could impact BTC’s move?
$Bitcoin trades at $77,640, down 0.33%. Altcoins follow suit, except for Dogecoin and XRP, which are on an uptrend today.
US orders attacks on Iranian mine-laying boats, while Iran seizes ships. The escalation pushed Brent crude oil prices to $106.
Aave launches a rescue plan after a $190 million KelpDAO exploit, raising fresh concerns around DeFi collateral risks.
Crypto prices today are holding steady, with Bitcoin maintaining its three-day momentum in the price range of $77,000-$78,000. Although investor sentiment remains cautious as the US-Iran conflict worsens and oil prices surge. Most top coins are in the red zone with minor corrections of 0.3% to 1.8%.
Traders are also weighing the effects of the KelpDAO hack, Aave’s rescue plan and Morgan Stanley’s Stablecoin Reserves Portfolio. Adding to the unease are emerging reports of insider trading involving a U.S. soldier. The total crypto market cap is down by 0.23% at $2.59 trillion at press time.
BREAKING 🚨 Bitcoin just crashed hard to $77.5k Over $68 million in long positions got liquidated in the last hour $41 billion wiped off the total crypto market cap, with $BTC alone erasing $27 billion No clear trigger or major headlines.
JUST IN !!! - IRAN PROPOSES PEACE VIA PAKISTAN: HORMUZ REOPENING AS PRIORITY 🏛️🇮🇷🇵🇰 • Mediated Proposal: Tehran sent a new roadmap to Washington via Pakistan, prioritizing the end of hostilities and reopening the Strait of Hormuz before nuclear talks. 🏛️✉️ • Decoupling Strategy: Iran seeks the immediate lifting of the naval blockade in exchange for restoring global energy transit through the Strait. 🌊🔓 • Nuclear Hurdle: The White House has yet to respond. Deferring nuclear issues directly clashes with Trump’s demand for nuclear disarmament as a starting point. 🛡️⚖️ • Diplomatic Off-ramp: The move signals Tehran’s urgent effort to ease extreme military and economic pressure through a phased diplomatic approach. 🌐✨ This proposal challenges Trump’s "Maximum Pressure" campaign, forcing a choice between immediate energy stability and long-term nuclear objectives.#btc
The dollar has weakened following media reports that Iran has proposed a new plan to end the war with the United States. According to Jin10, ING analyst Chris Turner noted that the decline might be limited due to high oil prices and investors assessing central banks' responses to rising inflation and weak growth. This week, the Bank of Japan, the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, and the European Central Bank are set to announce their interest rate decisions
U.S. President Donald Trump is set to convene a national security meeting today to discuss a proposal aimed at reopening the Hormuz Strait and ending hostilities. According to Odaily, this meeting will focus on evaluating the potential measures to address the ongoing tensions in the region.
🚀 BTC ANALYSIS UPDATE: The Trend Has Shifted! After weeks of battling resistance, Bitcoin has officially broken above the daily Ichimoku Cloud! This is a major structural shift. We’ve seen price consolidate, form a solid base, and now the Chikou Span (green line) is in open space, confirming that the path of least resistance is to the upside. The bulls are back in control. Don’t miss the momentum! 📈 🎯 The Trade Setup Entry Point: $77,950 (Market entry or on a slight retest of the cloud top). Take Profit 1: $80,000 (Psychological resistance and previous structural peak). Take Profit 2: $85,500 (Major historical resistance zone). Stop Loss: $70,300 (Placed safely below the Kijun-sen/blue line to protect against a false breakout). 🔍 Technical Analysis Summary Cloud Breakout: Price has exited the top of the Kumo (Cloud), which traditionally signals the end of a bearish phase and the start of a new bullish trend. TK Cross: The Tenkan-sen (red line) is trending above the Kijun-sen (blue line), indicating strong short-term bullish momentum. Lagging Span Confirmation: The Chikou Span (green line) is well above the price action from 26 periods ago, providing the final "green light" for a long position. Volume Support: We see consistent green volume bars supporting this move away from the $68k–$70k accumulation zone. #BTC $BTC BTCUSDT Perp 77,592.1
Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. 1. Introduction Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non- reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party. What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any 2. Transactions We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership. The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin. A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending. After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent. The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank. We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions. For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend. The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions. In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first. To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received. The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received. 3. Timestamp Server The solution we propose begins with a timestamp server. A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5]. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it. 2 Block Item Item ... Hash Block Item Item ... Hash Transaction Owner 1's Public Key Owner 0's Signature Hash Transaction Owner 2's Public Key Owner 1's Signature Hash Verify Transaction Owner 3's Public Key Owner 2's Signature Hash Verify Owner 2's Private Key Owner 1's Private Key Sign Sign Owner 3's Private Key 4. Proof-of-Work To implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof- of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts. The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash. For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it. The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs. Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote. The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added. To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases. 5. Network The steps to run the network are as follows: 1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes. 2) Each node collects new transactions into a block. 3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block. 4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes. 5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent. 6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof- of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one. 3 Block Prev Hash Nonce Tx Tx ... Block Prev Hash Nonce Tx Tx ... New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one. 6. Incentive By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended. The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free. The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth. 7. Reclaiming Disk Space Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored. A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory. 4 Block Block Block Header (Block Hash) Prev Hash Nonce Hash01 Hash0 Hash1 Hash2 Hash3 Hash23 Root Hash Hash01 Hash2 Tx3 Hash23 Block Header (Block Hash) Root Hash Transactions Hashed in a Merkle Tree After Pruning Tx0-2 from the Block Prev Hash Nonce Hash3 Tx0 Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 8. Simplified Payment Verification It is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it. As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification. 9. Combining and Splitting Value Although it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender. It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history. 5 Transaction In ... In Out ... Hash01 Hash2 Hash3 Hash23 Block Header Merkle Root Prev Hash Nonce Block Header Merkle Root Prev Hash Nonce Block Header Merkle Root Prev Hash Nonce Merkle Branch for Tx3 Longest Proof-of-Work Chain Tx3 10. Privacy The traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were. As an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner. 11. Calculations We consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent. The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1. The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to reach breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever reaches breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]: p = probability an honest node finds the next block q = probability the attacker finds the next block qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behind qz={ 1 if p≤q q/ p z if pq} 6 Identities Transactions Trusted Third Party Counterparty Public Identities Transactions Public New Privacy Model Traditional Privacy Model Given our assumption that p > q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind. We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late. The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction. The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value: =z q p To get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point: ∑ k=0 ∞ k e − k! ⋅{ q/ p z−k if k≤z 1 if kz} Rearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution... 1−∑ k=0 z k e − k! 1−q/ p z−k Converting to C code... #include double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); } return sum; } 7 Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z. q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 Solving for P less than 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12. Conclusion We have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power. The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them. Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism. 8 References [1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998. [2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999. [3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991. [4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993. [5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997. [6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002. [7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980. [8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957. 9
Bitcoin is currently in a constructive but cautious bullish setup — pinned just below the key $80K resistance after a 30% recovery from the $60K lows two months ago. Current Price Snapshot - Price: ∼$78,098 USD / ~₹73.1 lakh INR - 24h Change: +0.56% - Market Cap: ∼$1.55 trillion f722 Technical Picture Bullish signals: - Breakout confirmed: BTC broke above the descending channel that capped it from October 2025 through early April, and now holds above the 50-day EMA at ∼$72,807 and 100-day EMA at ∼$75,513 - Momentum: RSI on the daily chart is ∼63-66 — bullish without being overbought. MACD is also positive with buyers still in control - Support levels: The former channel top at $75,680 and 100-day EMA at $75,513 are now acting as near-term support. Deeper support sits at $74,487 and $72,807 86029380cc2b Resistance wall: - $78,962 — 50% Fibonacci retracement from the Jan-Feb swing - $80,000 — Major psychological barrier where $841M in short liquidations are stacked - $82,309–$83,437 — 200-day EMA and 61.8% Fibonacci retracement if BTC breaks $80K 860224d69380 A weekly close above $80K could open a path toward $82.5K–$84.4K. 9380 On-Chain & Macro Context - ETF inflows: Spot Bitcoin ETFs have seen 7 straight days of net inflows, adding over $335M - Exchange reserves: Near all-time lows, which reduces selling pressure and amplifies buying impact - Institutional accumulation: Long-term holders added 130K BTC recently, and Binance taker volume hit $9.2B - Dominance: Bitcoin dominance climbed to 60.6% in late April, showing capital is still concentrated in BTC vs altcoins fc228602aae5 Risks to Watch - Liquidity squeeze: There’s $879M in long liquidations sitting at $76,829 vs $841M in shorts at $79,178. That 3% range will likely decide the next move - Bear case: If BTC fails to break $79K–$80K and loses $72K support, some analysts warn of a drop toward $50K based on historical consolidation-break patterns 24d6d746 The Big Picture BTC is up ∼14.5% over the past monthbut still ∼38% below the October 2025 all-time high near $126,000. The market structure shifted bullish after reclaiming the 100-day MA near $74K, but the next weekly close is critical — it will determine if this is a breakout or another rejection. 86024b3124d6 Bottom line: Trend is bullish short-to-medium term as long as BTC holds above $75.5K. A daily close above $80K would confirm the next leg toward $85K. If it fails, expect a retest of $72K–$73K. Want me to break down the Elliott Wave count or compare BTC vs ETH momentum?